The Peace Games: European press and diplomatic relations between North and South Korea during the 2018 Winter Olympics
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.20868/mhd.2024.26.5066Keywords:
Olympic Games, sport diplomacy, press, North Korea, South Korea.Abstract
The 2018 Winter Olympics held in the South Korean town of Pyeongchang became the epicentre of international diplomatic and geopolitical dialogue for several weeks. North Korea's unexpected decision to want to participate in this sporting event only one month before the opening ceremony triggered a surprising diplomatic rapprochement with its South Korean neighbours. The media is considered a powerful instrument capable of influencing behaviours, attitudes, and actions through the transmission of ideas, values, and norms. The main objective of this research is to identify the dominant discourses surrounding diplomatic relations between South and North Korea during the 2018 Winter Olympics and to analyze how they were presented through the general news press in Spain, France, and England. The Spanish newspapers El País and El Mundo, the English newspapers The Guardian and The Independent, and the French newspapers Le Monde and Les Echos were selected. A content
analysis was carried out on 154 news items divided as follows: Spanish press 61, English press 40, and French press 58. The main results showed how the media perpetuated attitudes and ideas around cultural identity and diplomatic relations in sports and the Olympic Games. There was a clear increase
in the number of news articles related to the research topic in the weeks prior to the Games (especially in the Spanish press), while during the month following the sporting event, there was a clear reduction in the number of news coverage.
Downloads
References
Abel, Jessamyn R. 2012. “Japan’s Sporting Diplomacy: The 1964 Tokyo Olympiad”, The International History Review 34, nº. 2, 203–20.
ACPM. Alliance pour les chiffres de la presse et des médias. (2023). Le Monde, Historique d’audience. https://www.acpm.fr/Support/le-monde.
Ahrens, Jan Martínez. 2018a. “Trump ofrece un diálogo directo a Corea del Norte”. El País, 11 de enero de 2018, 8.
Ahrens, Jan Martínez. 2018b. “Trump ofrece su respaldo a las conversaciones con Pyongyang”. El País, 7 de marzo de 2018, 3.
AIMC. 2023. Asociación para la Investigación de Medios de Comunicación. Estudio General de Medios. Diarios. https://reporting.aimc.es/index.html#/main/diarios.
AIMC. 2018. Asociación para la Investigación de Medios de Comunicación. Estudio General de Medios. Diarios. https://www.aimc.es/a1mcc0nt3nt/uploads/2018/06/resumegm218.pdf.
Alexander, María. 2018. “Los Juegos del deshielo para Corea y España”, El País, 26 de febrero de 2018, 36.
Altheide, D. L. 1996. Qualitative Media Analysis. Qualitative Research Methods Series, 38. London: Sage.
Anthony, Ted. 2018. “Pyeongchang’s fiery optics provide”. The Independent, 10 de febrero de 2018, 71.
Bandyopadhyay, Kausik. 2008. ‘Feel Good, Goodwill and India’s Friendship Tour of Pakistan, 2004: Cricket, Politics and Diplomacy in Twenty-First-Century India’, The International Journal of the History of Sport 25, no. 12, 1654–70.
Bardin, Laurence. 1996. El análisis de contenido. Torrejón de Ardoz: Akal.
Barnes, Tom. 2018. “Kim Jong-un invites South Korea’s President”. The Independent, 11 de febrero de 2018, 22.
Batchelor, Tom. 2018. “South Korea’s leader offers to meet Kim Jong-un”. The Independent, 10 de enero de 2018, 28.
Black, David. 2008. “Dreaming Big: The Pursuit of ‘Second Order’ Games as a Strategic Response to Globalization”, Sport in Society 11, nº. 4, 467–80.
Branigan, Tania. 2018. “Has North Korea’s week at the Winter Olympics”. The Guardian, 14 de febrero de 2018, 8.
Brown, Luke. 2008. “Unified Korean ice hockey team make history”. The Independent, 5 de febrero de 2008, 76.
Burnton, Simon. 2018. “Ten things to look out for at the 2018 Winter”. The Guardian, 9 de marzo de 2018, 10.
Cai, J. 2010. “The Korea Nuclear Crisis and the changing Sino-DPRK relationship”. Asian Perspective 1, nº. 34: 137-158.
Choe, S. H. 2016. “South Korea to Shut Joint Factory Park, Kaesong, Over Nuclear Test and Rocket”, The New York Times, 10 de febrero de 2016. https://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/11/world/asia/northsouth-korea-kaesong.html.
Cockburn, Harry. 2018. “North Korea meets with South Korea”. The Independent, 10 de enero de 2018, 22.
Dietschy, Paul. 2020. ‘Creating Football Diplomacy in the French Third Republic, 1914-1939’, En Soccer Diplomacy: International Relations and Football Since 1914, ed. Heather L. Dichter. Lexington, KY: University Press of Kentucky, 30–47.
Drisko, James W. y Tina Maschi. 2016. Content Analysis. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
El Mundo. 2018a. “Pioneras de la diplomacia olímpica coreana”. 6 de febrero de 2018, 21.
El Mundo. 2018b. “Kim y Trump: un encuentro lleno de interrogantes”. 10 de marzo de 2018, 3.
El País. 2018a. “Corea del Sur y EE UU aplazan las maniobras previstas durante los JJ OO”. 5 de enero de 2018, 12.
El País. 2018b. “Medalla Olímpica para Corea”. El País, 12 de febrero de 2018, 10.
El País. 2018c. “Pyongyang, abierta al diálogo con Washington”. 26 de febrero de 2018, 3.
El País. 2018d. “Un paria entregado a la diplomacia frenética”. 28 de marzo de 2018, 3.
Elsey, Brenda. 2020. ‘“Because We Have Nothing”: The 1962 World Cup and Cold War Politics in Chile’, en Soccer Diplomacy: International Relations and Football Since 1914, ed. Heather L. Dichter. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 94–115.
Embury-Dennis, Tom. 2018. “Jong-un’s sister and Pence sit just feet away”. The Independent, 10 de febrero de 2018, 28.
Espinosa, Javier. 2018a. “Diálogo para Seúl, misil para Trump”. El Mundo, 2 de enero de 2018, 3.
Espinosa, Javier. 2018b. “En el cementerio de los enemigos”. El Mundo, 30 de enero de 2018, 17.
Espinosa, Javier. 2018c. “Kim invita al enemigo en plena 'paz olímpica'”. El Mundo, 11 de febrero de 2018, 7.
Faus, Joan. 2018. “EE UU ve una oportunidad en el deshielo entre Seúl y Pyongyang”. El País, 10 de enero de 2018, 3.
Fontdeglòria, Xavier. 2018a. “Seúl propone a Pyongyang negociaciones de alto nivel”. El País, 3 de enero de 2018.
Fontdeglòria, Xavier. 2018b. “Seúl propone a Corea del Norte entablar negociaciones de alto nivel”. El País, 3 de enero de 2018.
Fontdeglòria, Xavier. 2018c. “Corea del Norte alienta el deshielo al reabrir la línea de comunicación con el Sur”. El País, 4 de enero de 2018, 4.
Fontdeglòria, Xavier. 2018d. “Las dos Coreas acuerdan abrir un diálogo militar para rebajar la tensión”. El País, 10 de enero de 2018, 3.
Forss, Alec y Lee, Sangsoo. 2018. Moon Goes to Pyongyang: Q&A for third inter-Korean Summit. Institute for Security & Development Policy, 19 de septiembre de 2018. https://isdp.eu/moon-goes-pyongyang-qa/
Fouquet, Claude. 2018. “La Corée du Nord hausse le ton après les dernières sanctions américaines”, Les Echos, 25 de febrero de 2018.
Frachon, Alain. 2018. “Trump et Kim à la manoeuvre”. Le Monde, 15 de marzo de 2018.
Fresneda, C. 2018. “The Guardian se convierte en tabloide”. El Mundo, 15 de enero de 2018. https://www.elmundo.es/television/2018/01/15/5a5c8fb046163ff65d8b45f0.html.
García-Orta, María José y María José Ruiz-Acosta. 2023. “Cómo salvar el periodismo: The Guardian y la evolución digital. De la tinta al pixel”. Dígitos. Revista de Comunicación Digital, nº. 9: 1-30.
Gilles, Paris. 2018. “Trump amorce une trêve avec Kim Jong-un”. Le Monde, 9 de marzo de 2018.
Goldberg, J. 2000. “Sporting Diplomacy: Boosting the Size of the Diplomatic Corps.” Washington Quarterly 23 (4): 63–70.
González, Sara. 2018, 3 enero. “El largo historial de la diplomacia del deporte”. El País.
Gilles, Paris. 2018, 9 marzo. “Trump amorce une trêve avec Kim Jong-un”. Le Monde.
Goldberg, J. 2000. “Sporting Diplomacy: Boosting the Size of the Diplomatic Corps.” Washington Quarterly 23, nº. 4: 63-70.
González, Sara. 2018. “El largo historial de la diplomacia del deporte”. El País, 3 de enero de 2018.
GOV.UK. 2023. “UK and Republic of Korea to enforce sanctions against North Korea through joint sea patrols”. Gov.uk., 21 de noviembre de 2023. https://www.gov.uk/government/news/uk-and-republicof-korea-to-enforce-sanctions-against-north-korea-through-joint-sea-patrols.
Griffin, Andrew. 2018. “North Korea’s cheerleaders will fascinate more”. The Independent, 10 enero de 2018, 10.
Grix, J. 2016. Sport Politics. An Introduction. Basingstoke.
Guillou, Clément y Clément Martel. 2018. “De la paix et des Jeux”. Le Monde, 26 febrero de 2018.
Haas, Benjamin. 2018. “North Korea willing to start direct talks with US”. The Guardian, 27 de febrero de 2018, 4.
Hincks, J. 2018. “A Brief History of Sports and Politics on the Korean Peninsula.” Time, 9 enero de 2018. http://time.com/5092029/north-south-korea-olympics-sports-politics-rivalry/.
Hyde. 2013. “Why Dennis Rodman is Hanging Out with Kim Jong-un”. The Guardian, 28 febrero de 2013, 30.
Im, H. B. y Y. J. Choi. 2011. “Inter-Korean and Cross-Strait Relations through the Window of Regional Integration Theories”. Asian Survey 51, nº. 5: 785-811.
Ingle, Sean. 2018. “Pyeongchang Winter Olympics 2018”. The Guardian, 25 febrero de 2018, 18.
Jian, Cai. 2017. Maintaining the status quo or promoting the reunification of the Korean peninsula? A Chinese perspective. En One Korea: Visions of Korean unification, editado por Tae-Hwan Kwak y Seung-Ho Joo, 114-128. Abingdon, England: Routledge.
Jonsson, G. 2006. Towards Korean Reconciliation: Socio-Cultural Exchanges and Cooperation. Hampshire: Ashgate.
Jonsson, G. 2018. “What is the Significance of the 2018 PyeongChang Winter Olympics?” Beyond the Horizon, 15 marzo de 2018. https://behorizon.org/2018-winter-olympics/.
Jung, G. 2013. “Sport as a Catalyst for Cooperation: Why Sport Dialogue between the Two Koreas Succeeds in Some Cases but Not in Others.” International Area Studies Review, nº 16 (3): 307–324.
Jung, K. 2018, 17 enero. President Moon visits Olympic Village. Sisa Week. http://www.sisaweek.com/news/articleView.html? idxno=101732
Kanin, D. B. 1980. “The Olympic Boycott in Diplomatic Context.” Journal of Sport and Social Issues, nº 4 (1): 1–24.
Kim, Tong. 2017. The Future Vision of a Unified Korean Peninsula: A U.S. Perspective. En One Korea: Visions of Korean unification, editado por Tae-Hwan Kwak y Seung-Ho Joo, 77-97. Abingdon, England: Routledge.
Kim, Tong. 2011. “Realism in N. Korea policy”. The Korea Times, 4 de septiembre de 2011. https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/opinon/2011/09/167_94174.html.
Kirk, Donald. 2018a. “We thought almost everybody would like it”. The Independent, 9 febrero de 2018, 26.
Kirk, Donald. 2018b. “Korea summit raises hopes of North-South thaw”. The Independent, 7 marzo de 2018, 24.
Kirk, Donald. 2018c. “South Koreans ‘optimistic’ and ‘relieved’ at”. The Independent, 10 marzo de 2018, 22.
Krippendorff, Klaus. 2004. Content analysis: an introduction to its methodology. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.
Kwak, Tae-Hwan. 1991. “Conditions for Korean Political Integration: a creative adjustment”. Asian Perspective 15, nº. 1: 37-68.
Le Monde 2018a. “Séoul et Washington réduisent leurs manoeuvres militaires”. Le Monde, 20 de febrero de 2009.
Lee, Jug Woo y A. Bairner. 2009. “The Difficult Dialogue: Communism, Nationalism and Political Propaganda in North Korean Sport.” Journal of Sport and Social Issues 33, nº. 4, 390– 410.
Lee, Jug Woo. 2017a. “Do the scale and scope of the event matter? The Asian Games and the relations between North and South Korea”. Sport in Society, nº 20: 369–383.
Lee, Jug Woo. 2017b. The politics of sports mega event in South Korea: A diachronic approach. En Routledge handbook of sport and politics, editado por A. Bairner, J. Kelly y J. W. Lee, 471–482). Abingdon, England: Routledge.
Lee, Jug Woo. 2019. “Olympic Ceremony and Diplomacy: South Korean, North Korean, and British Media Coverage of the 2018 Olympic Winter Games’ Opening and Closing Ceremonies”. Communication & Sport 9, 9(5) 761–784. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167479519886544
Lee, Taehoon, James Griffiths y Josgua Berlinge. 2017. “US fighter jets stage mock bombing drill over Korean Peninsula”. CNN politics, 31 de agosto de 2017.
Les Échos. 2008. “Vos questions, nos réponses”. Les Échos, 9 de junio de 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20080609212510/http://client.lesechos.fr/fr/journalouvre_porte/questions_p1.html&PHPSESSID=0sqbvg4l6jdsgi6sncsb5ob7i2#2.
Liew, Jonathan. 2018, 23 enero. “Can sport repair the wounds of North and South?”, The Independent, 85.
Lough, R. y H. Jin. 2017. “France to skip 2018 Winter Games if security not assured”. Reuters, 21 de septiembre de 2017.
Lovett, Samuel. 2018. “North and South Korea to march under unified flag”. The Independent, 18 de enero de 2018, 100.
Malyon, Ed. 2018. “North and South Korea unification points to”. The Independent, 9 de febrero de 2018, 91.
Martel, Clément. 2018. “Ballet diplomatique sur glace”. Le Monde, 12 de febrero de 2018.
Mason, Jeff y Michael Martina. 2017. “Trump says U.S. not ‘putting up with’ North Korea’s actions”. Reuters,
de septiembre de 2017.
McGannon, K. R., J. McMahon, R. Schinke, and C. A. Gonsalves. 2017. “Understanding Athlete Mother Transition in Cultural Context: A Media Analysis of Kim Clijsters’ Tennis Comeback and Self-Identity Implications.” Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology 6: 20–34.
Merkel, U. 2009. “Sport, Politics and Reunification–a Comparative Analysis of Korea and Germany.” The International Journal of the History of Sport 26 (3): 406–428.
Merkel, U. 2016. “Sport as a Foreign Policy and Diplomatic Tool.” En Routledge Handbook of Sport and Politics, editado por A. Bairner, J. Kelly y J. Lee, 28–38. Abingdon: Routledge.
Mesmer, Philippe. 2018a. “Séoul tente de rétablir le dialogue intercoréen après la main tendue de Kim Jongun”. Le Monde, 2 de enero de 2018.
Mesmer, Philippe. 2018b, 9 febrero. “Entre les deux Corées, un début de détente”, Le Monde.
Mesmer, Philippe. 2018c. “Kim Yo-jong, l'influente petite soeur du dictateur”. Le Monde, 9 febrero de 2018.
Mindock, Clark. 2018. “CIA worried North Korea could hit US with”. The Independent, 30 enero de 2018, 26.
Ministère de l’Europe et des Affaires Étrangères. 2019. Corea del Norte: la postura de Francia. https://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/es/politica-exterior/seguridad-desarme-y-no-proliferacion/crisis-y-conflictos/corea-del-norte-la-postura-de-francia/.
Mónica G. 2018. “Seúl acoge con entusiasmo el deshielo coreano: Propone día y lugar para negociar la participación de Pyongyang en sus Juegos”. El Mundo, 3 de enero de 2018, 20.
Mxolisi Ndlovu, Sifiso. 2010. “Sports as Cultural Diplomacy: The 2010 FIFA World Cup in South Africa’s Foreign Policy,” Soccer & Society 11, nos. 1-2, 14–53.
Neto, Virgilio. 2021. “Olympic Spirit: The story of Korea’s unified ice hockey team at the PyeongChang 2018 Winter Olympics”. International Olympic Committee, 28 abril de 2021. Consultado en mayo de 2024. https://olympics.com/en/news/olympic-spirit-the-story-of-korea-s-unified-ice-hockey-team-atthe-2018-pyeongch.
Oberdorfer, Don. The two Koreas: a contemporary history. Indianapolis: Basic Books, 2001.
Oficina de Información Diplomática. 2023. Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores. República Popular Democrática de Corea. Consultado en marzo de 2023. https://www.exteriores.gob.es/Documents/FichasPais/COREADELNORTE_FICHA%20PAIS.pdf.
Oh, Taeyeon, Kim, Seungmo, Love, Adam y Jae Seo, Won. “Media Framing of the Unified Korean Olympic Women’s Ice Hockey Team”. Communication & Sport, 9 (6), 888-910.
OJD. 2010. Association pour le contrôle de la diffusion des media. https://web.archive.org/web/20130916145335/http://www.ojd.com/dyn/_files/books/181-Book-20082009-Presse-Payante-GP.pdf.
Osborne, Samuel. 2018. “North Korea warns US and Japan’s maritime”. The Independent, 26 de febrero de 2018, 27.
Ostlere, Lawrence. 2018. “The American playing ice hockey for South”. The Independent, 4 de febrero de 2018, 52.
PAMCo 4. 2020. The Publishers Audience Measurement Company. https://pamco.co.uk/2020/12/08/pamco-4-2020/.
PAMCo H2. 2023. The Publishers Audience Measurement Company. https://pamco.co.uk/2023/09/21/pamco-h2-2023/.
Pedroletti, Brice. 2018. “Pékin passif face à la crise coréenne”. Le Monde, 6 de marzo de 2018.
Pigman, A. G. y J. Simon Rofe. 2014. “Sport and diplomacy: An introduction”. Sport in Society 17 nº. 9, 1095-97.
Pons, Philippe. 2018. “Les deux Corées tentent de reprendre la main”. Le Monde, 17 de enero de 2018,120-21.
Pons, Philippe. 2018a. “Dictateurs de père en fils”. Le Monde, 6 de febrero de 2018.
Pons, Philippe. 2018b. “JO: à chaque fois, la Corée avance d'un pas”. Le Monde, 10 de febrero de 2018.
Pons Philippe. 2018c. “Corée-Japon, un match devant l'histoire”. Le Monde, 20 de febrero de 2018.
Pons, Philippe. 2018d. “Corées: Kim Jong-un joue l'apaisement”, Le Monde, 7 marzo de 2018.
Prieto, Mónica G. “Kim propone negociar su desarme si EEUU respeta el régimen Kim, listo para pactar su desarme”. El Mundo, 7 de marzo del 2018, 21.
Radchenko, S. 2012. “It’s not enough to win: The Seoul Olympics and the roots of North Korea’s isolation”. The International Journal of the History of Sport, nº 29: 1243–1262.
Renard, Florence. 2018. “Ces événements sportifs qui ont influé la politique mondiale”. Les Echos, 18 de febrero de 2018.
Rousseau, Yann. 2018a. “Comment Pyongyang a cannibalisé les Jeux Olympiques de Pyeongchang”. Les Echos, 8 de febrero de 2018.
Rousseau, Yann. 2018b. “Après la fête olympique, le difficile rapprochement entre les deux Corées”. Les Echos,11 de febrero de 2018.
Rowe, D. 2019. “The worlds that are watching: Media, politics, diplomacy, and the 2018 PyeongChang Winter Olympics”. Communication & Sport 7, nº. 1: 3-22
Rutherford, Peter. 2018. “Bach Hails North, South Korea for Harnessing Olympic Spirit”. Reuters, 5 de febrero de 2018. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-olympics-2018-ioc-sessionidUSKBN1FP1GI.
Sang-Hun, Choe. 2017. “North Korea’s Potential Targets: Guam, South Korea and Japan”. The New York Times, 9 de agosto de 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20180112061152/https://
www.nytimes.com/2017/08/09/world/asia/north-korea-guam-japan-targets.html.
Sbetti, Nicola. 2020. Giochi diplomatici: Sport e politica estera nell’Italia del secondo dopoguerra. Roma: Fondazione Benetton.
Shuman, Amanda. 2018. ‘Friendship is solidarity: The Chinese ping pong team visits Africa in 1962’, in Sport and Diplomacy: Games within Games, ed. J. Simon Rofe. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 110–29.
Sengupta, Kim. 2018a. “Mind games is an Olympic sport to Kim Jong-un”. The Independent, 6 de febrero de 2018, 27.
Sengupta, Kim. 2018b. “Flexing military muscle despite Olympic”. The Independent, 17 de febrero de 2018,
Sengupta, Kim. 2018c. “The start of North Korea-US talks could reflect”. The Independent, 27 de febrero de 2018, 33.
Sengupta, Kim. 2018d. “The only person to benefit from a US-North Korea meeting is Kim Jong-un”. The Independent, 10 de marzo de 2018, 23.
Seoane, Marí Cruz y Susana Sueiro. 2004. Historia de El País y del Grupo Prisa. De una aventura incierta a una gran industria cultural. Barcelona: Plaza y Janés, 2004.
Shuman, Amanda. 2018. “Friendship is solidarity: The Chinese ping pong team visits Africa in 1962”. In Sport and Diplomacy: Games within Games, ed. J. Simon Rofe, 110-29. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
Simón, Juan Antonio. 2020. ‘Football, Diplomacy and International Relations during Francoism, 1937-1975’, in Soccer Diplomacy: International Relations and Football Since 1914, ed. Heather L. Dichter. Lexington, KY: University Press of Kentucky, 48–60.
Stevenson, Chris. 2018. “Trump claims his greatest assets are mental strength and being ‘like, really smart’”. The Independent, 7 de enero de 2018, 23.
The Guardian. 2018. “The Guardian view on sporting diplomacy”. 21 de enero de 2018, 2.
The Independent. 2018. “President Xi wants to extend his reign – a logical”. 26 de febrero de 2018, 2.
Thibault, Harold. 2018. “Pyongyang rétablit le contact avec Séoul”. Le Monde, 4 de enero de 2018.
Thomazeau, François. 2018. “De la politique et des Jeux”. Le Monde, 9 de febrero de 2018.
Toro, Carlos. 2018. “El Paralelo 38”. El Mundo, 15 de enero de 2018, 51.
Torres, Cesar R. 2014. “Personism, International Sport, and Diplomacy”. En Diplomatic Games: Sport, Statecraft, and International Relations since 1945, editado por Heather L. Dichter y Andrew L. Johns, 151-81. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky.
Van Kote, Gilles. 2021. “Pour ses 77 ans, ‘Le Monde’ s’offre un record de 500 000 abonnés”. Le Monde, 21 de diciembre de 2021.
Vidal Liy, Macarena. 2018a. “Los Juegos llevan al deshielo”. El País, 10 de enero de 2018, 1.
Vidal Liy, Macarena. 2018b. “Un equipo de hockey que une (y divide) a las dos Coreas”. El País, 5 de febrero de 2018, 8.
Vidal Liy, Macarena. 2018c. “Kim Jong-un envía a su hermana a los Juegos del Sur en una visita histórica”. El País, 8 de febrero de 2018, 10.
Vidal Liy, Macarena. 2018d. “El frágil deshielo de los Juegos”. El País, 9 de febrero de 2018, 33.
Vidal Liy, Macarena. 2018e. “Las dos Coreas exploran el deshielo”. El País, 11 de febrero de 2018, 2.
Vidal Liy, Macarena. 2018f. “El gol del equipo de hockey femenino coreano unificado”. El País, 15 de febrero de 2018, 36.
Vidal Liy, Macarena. 2018g. “Corea del Norte considera un desarme nuclear si se garantiza su régimen”. El País, 7 de marzo de 2018, 3.
Vidal Liy, Macarena. 2018h. “La presión de China y las amenazas de Trump”. El País, 10 de marzo de 2018, 3.
White, Jeremy B. 2018. “Kim Jong-un urges ‘warm climate of ”. The Independent, 13 de febrero de 2018, 30.
White, Jeremy B. y Alexandra Wilts. 2018. “North Korea: Donald Trump agrees to meet Kim”. The Independent, 9 de marzo de 2018, 28.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Authors who submit to this journal agree to the following terms:
- Author(s) keep copyright and guarantee to the journal the right to be the first publication of the work as licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International as initial publication in this journal.
- Author(s) can establish additional agreements for non-exclusive distribution of the version of the work published in the journal (for example, to an institutional archives or to publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
- It is allowed and authors are encouraged to disseminate their work electronically (e.g, in institutional open archives or on their own website) before and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as a citation earlier and more of published work (See the Effect of Open Access).
