La actividad física como oportunidad de emprendimiento social en la prevención de la obesidad
Palavras-chave:
actividad física, emprendimiento social, prevención, obesidad.Resumo
La obesidad es un problema de salud mundial y es considerada una de las enfermedades no transmisibles más graves y prevalentes del siglo XXI. La prevención de la obesidad es un imperativo de salud pública. Perder peso puede requerir cambios de comportamiento difíciles, y por lo tanto la prevención de la obesidad es preferible a la intervención para revertir la obesidad. El emprendimiento social genera beneficios a partir de un modelo de negocio que persigue un fin social, creando un negocio que satisfaga las necesidades de la sociedad sin renunciar a las estrategias de mercado. El objetivo del presente artículo es analizar la actividad física como herramienta de emprendimiento social en la prevención de la obesidad, definiendo y revisando la amenaza que la obesidad representa para la sociedad, y ofreciendo algunos ejemplos de cómo se dirigen los emprendimientos sociales a través de la actividad física. El emprendimiento social se muestra como una posible herramienta para frenar la inactividad física y la obesidad, sin embargo, la efectividad de este debe ser estudiada con mayor profundidad.
Downloads
Referências
Ahmad, S., y Imam, S. (2015). Obesity: A Practical Guide (S. I. Ahmad y S. K. Imam, Eds.). Cham: Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-19821-7
Al-Khudairy, L., Loveman, E., Colquitt, J. L., Mead, E., Johnson, R. E., Fraser, H., … Rees, K. (2017). Diet, physical activity and behavioural interventions for the treatment of overweight or obese adolescents aged 12 to 17 years. In K. Rees (Ed.), Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (Vol. 6, p. CD012691). Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD012691
Althoff, T., White, R. W., y Horvitz, E. (2016). Influence of Pokémon Go on Physical Activity: Study and Implications. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 18(12), e315. https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.6759
Bond, M., Wyatt, K., Lloyd, J., Welch, K., y Taylor, R. (2009). Systematic review of the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of weight management schemes for the under fives: a short report. Health Technology Assessment, 13(61), 1–75, iii. https://doi.org/10.3310/hta13610
Boulos, M. N. (2012). Xbox 360 Kinect Exergames for Health. Games for Health Journal, 1(5), 326–330. https://doi.org/10.1089/g4h.2012.0041
Boulos, M. N., y Yang, S. P. (2013). Exergames for health and fitness: the roles of GPS and geosocial apps. International Journal of Health Geographics, 12(1), 18. https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-072X-12-18
Brown, T., y Summerbell, C. (2009). Systematic review of school-based interventions that focus on changing dietary intake and physical activity levels to prevent childhood obesity: an update to the obesity guidance produced by the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. Obesity Reviews, 10(1), 110–141. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-789X.2008.00515.x
Cai, L., Lubitz, J., Flegal, K. M., y Pamuk, E. R. (2010). The Predicted Effects of Chronic Obesity in Middle Age on Medicare Costs and Mortality. Medical Care, 48(6), 510–517. https://doi.org/10.1097/MLR.0b013e3181dbdb20
Cai, X., Qiu, S. H., Yin, H., Sun, Z. L., Ju, C. P., Zügel, M., … Schumann, U. (2016). Pedometer intervention and weight loss in overweight and obese adults with Type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis. Diabetic Medicine : A Journal of the British Diabetic Association, 33(8), 1035–44. https://doi.org/10.1111/dme.13104
Candón Liñán, Á., Sánchez Oliver, A., Galancho Reina, I., Suárez Carmona, W., y González Jurado, J. A. (2016). Ejercicio físico, obesidad e inflamación. EmásF: Revista Digital de Educación Física, ISSN 1989-8304, No. 41, 2016, Págs. 65-82, (41), 65–82. Retrieved from https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=5558014
Chen, J.-L., y Wilkosz, M. E. (2014). Efficacy of technology-based interventions for obesity prevention in adolescents: a systematic review. Adolescent Health, Medicine and Therapeutics, 5, 159–70. https://doi.org/10.2147/AHMT.S39969
de Onis, M., Blössner, M., y Borghi, E. (2012). Prevalence and trends of stunting among pre-school children, 1990–2020. Public Health Nutrition, 15(1), 142–148. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980011001315
Dees, J. G. (1998). The meaning of social entrepreneurship. Kauffman Foundation and StanfordUniversity, 1–5. https://doi.org/10.2307/2261721
Eckhardt, J. (2003). Opportunities and Entrepreneurship. Journal of Management, 29(3), 333–349. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0149-2063(02)00225-8
Flynn, M. A. T., McNeil, D. A., Maloff, B., Mutasingwa, D., Wu, M., Ford, C., y Tough, S. C. (2006). Reducing obesity and related chronic disease risk in children and youth: a synthesis of evidence with “best practice” recommendations. Obesity Reviews, 7(s1), 7–66. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-789X.2006.00242.x
Fothergill, E., Guo, J., Howard, L., Kerns, J. C., Knuth, N. D., Brychta, R., … Hall, K. D. (2016). Persistent metabolic adaptation 6 years after “The Biggest Loser” competition. Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.), 24(8), 1612–9. https://doi.org/10.1002/oby.21538
Freak-Poli, R. LA, Cumpston, M., Peeters, A., y Clemes, S. A. (2013). Workplace pedometer interventions for increasing physical activity. In R. LA Freak-Poli (Ed.), Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (p. CD009209). Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD009209.pub2
Gao, Z., y Chen, S. (2014). Are field-based exergames useful in preventing childhood obesity? A systematic review. Obesity Reviews, 15(8), 676–691. https://doi.org/10.1111/obr.12164
Grant, A. M. (2008). Does intrinsic motivation fuel the prosocial fire? Motivational synergy in predicting persistence, performance, and productivity. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93(1), 48–58. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.93.1.48
Hammond, R. A., y Levine, R. (2010). The economic impact of obesity in the United States. Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity : Targets and Therapy, 3, 285–95. https://doi.org/10.2147/DMSOTT.S7384
Harding, R. (2004). Social Enterprise: The New Economic Engine? Business Strategy Review, 15(4), 39–43. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0955-6419.2004.00338.x
Höchsmann, C., Schüpbach, M., y Schmidt-Trucksäss, A. (2016). Effects of Exergaming on Physical Activity in Overweight Individuals. Sports Medicine, 46(6), 845–860. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-015-0455-z
Kouris-Blazos, A., y Wahlqvist, M. L. (2007). Health economics of weight management: evidence and cost. Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 16 Suppl 1, 329–38. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17392129
Lamboglia, C. M. G. F., Silva, V. T. B. L. da, Vasconcelos Filho, J. E. de, Pinheiro, M. H. N. P., Munguba, M. C. da S., Silva Júnior, F. V. I., … Silva, C. A. B. da. (2013). Exergaming as a Strategic Tool in the Fight against Childhood Obesity: A Systematic Review. Journal of Obesity, 2013, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/438364
Lemmens, V. E. P. P., Oenema, A., Klepp, K. I., Henriksen, H. B., y Brug, J. (2008). A systematic review of the evidence regarding efficacy of obesity prevention interventions among adults. Obesity Reviews, 9(5), 446–455. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-789X.2008.00468.x
Maamar, H. R., Boukerche, A., y Petriu, E. M. (2012). 3-D Streaming Supplying Partner Protocols for Mobile Collaborative Exergaming for Health. IEEE Transactions on Information Technology in Biomedicine, 16(6), 1079–1095. https://doi.org/10.1109/TITB.2012.2206116
Martin, B. R. L., y Osberg, S. (2007). Social Entrepreneurship : The Case for Definition. Stanford Social Innovation Review, 5, 29–39. Retrieved from http://www.ssireview.org/images/articles/2007SP_feature_martinosberg.pdf
Martin, C. K., Gadde, K. M., Hravnak, M., Sereika, S., Ewing, L., y Burke, L. (2014). Weight loss: slow and steady does not win the race. The Lancet. Diabetes & Endocrinology, 2(12), 927–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-8587(14)70153-6
Maurer, S. (2016). Weight Management in Primary Care. Visceral Medicine, 32(5), 342–346. https://doi.org/10.1159/000450667
Mead, E., Brown, T., Rees, K., Azevedo, L. B., Whittaker, V., Jones, D., … Ells, L. J. (2017). Diet, physical activity and behavioural interventions for the treatment of overweight or obese children from the age of 6 to 11 years. In L. J. Ells (Ed.), Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. Chichester, UK: John Wiley y Sons, Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD012651
Mellecker, R. R., y McManus, A. M. (2014). Active video games and physical activity recommendations: A comparison of the Gamercize Stepper, XBOX Kinect and XaviX J-Mat. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 17(3), 288–292. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2013.05.008
Nestle, M., y Jacobson, M. F. (2000). Halting the obesity epidemic: a public health policy approach. Public Health Reports, 115(1), 12–24. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10968581
Ng, M., Fleming, T., Robinson, M., Thomson, B., Graetz, N., Margono, C., … Gakidou, E. (2014). Global, regional, and national prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adults during 1980–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. The Lancet, 384(9945), 766–781. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60460-8
Olshansky, S. J., Passaro, D. J., Hershow, R. C., Layden, J., Carnes, B. A., Brody, J., … Ludwig, D. S. (2005). A Potential Decline in Life Expectancy in the United States in the 21st Century. New England Journal of Medicine, 352(11), 1138–1145. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMsr043743
Organisation for Economic, y Co-operation and Development. (2017). Obesity Update - OECD. Retrieved from http://www.oecd.org/health/obesity-update.htm
Purcell, K., Sumithran, P., Prendergast, L. A., Bouniu, C. J., Delbridge, E., y Proietto, J. (2014). The effect of rate of weight loss on long-term weight management: a randomised controlled trial. The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology, 2(12), 954–962. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-8587(14)70200-1
Red Española de Investigación En Ejercicio Físico y Salud, E., Vicente-Rodríguez, G., Benito, P. J., Casajús, J. A., Ara, I., Aznar, S., … Valtueña, J. (2016). Physical activity, exercise and sport practice to fight against youth and childhood obesity. Nutricion Hospitalaria, 33(Suppl9), 1–21. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28677981
Roberto, C. A., Swinburn, B., Hawkes, C., Huang, T. T.-K., Costa, S. A., Ashe, M., … Brownell, K. D. (2015). Patchy progress on obesity prevention: emerging examples, entrenched barriers, and new thinking. The Lancet, 385(9985), 2400–2409. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61744-X
Runge, C. F. (2007). Economic Consequences of the Obese. Diabetes, 56(11), 2668–2672. https://doi.org/10.2337/db07-0633
Sánchez-Oliver, A. J., García-Fernández, J., Grimaldi-Puyana, M., y Feria-Madueño, A. (2017). Entrepreneurship opportunities: ACSM’s fitness trends evaluation. Journal of Sports Economics & Management, 7(1), 2–13. Retrieved from http://sportsem.uv.es/j_sports_and_em/index.php/JSEM/article/view/56
Simón Moya, V., Sastre Sánchez, O., y Revuelto Taboada, L. (2015). El emprendedor social: análisis de la alerta social. Suma de Negocios, 6(14), 155–165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sumneg.2015.07.001
Smith, T. W., Calancie, L., y Ammerman, A. (2015). Social Entrepreneurship for Obesity Prevention: What Are the Opportunities? Current Obesity Reports, 4(3), 311–318. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13679-015-0162-y
Suárez-Carmona, W., y Sánchez-Oliver. AJ. (2017). Valoración de la condición física en la obesidad. Lecturas, Educación Física Y Deportes, 22(231). Retrieved from http://www.efdeportes.com/efd231/valoracion-de-la-condicion-fisica-en-la-obesidad.htm
Suarez-Carmona, W., y Sanchez-Oliver, A. (2017). Valoración de la condición física en la obesidad. Educación Física Y Deportes, Revista Digital., 22(231). Retrieved from http://www.efdeportes.com/efd231/valoracion-de-la-condicion-fisica-en-la-obesidad.htm
Sullivan, D. M. (2007). Stimulating Social Entrepreneurship: Can Support From Cities Make a Difference? Academy of Management Perspectives, 21(1), 77–78. https://doi.org/10.5465/AMP.2007.24286169
Thomas, J. G., y Bond, D. S. (2014). Review of innovations in digital health technology to promote weight control. Current Diabetes Reports, 14(5), 485. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11892-014-0485-1
World Health Organization. (2016). Obesity and overweight. Retrieved August 24, 2017, from http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs311/en/
Downloads
Publicado
Edição
Secção
Licença
Os autores que têm publicações nesta revista aceitam os seguintes termos:
a. Os autores conservarão os seus direitos autorais e garantirão à revista o direito de primeira publicação da sua obra, que estará simultaneamente sujeita à Licença de Reconhecimento Creative Commons que permite a terceiros partilhar a obra desde que o seu autor e a sua primeira publicação nesta revista sejam indicados.
b. Os autores podem adoptar outros acordos de licença não exclusiva para a distribuição da versão publicada da obra (por exemplo: depositá-la num arquivo telemático institucional ou publicá-la num volume monográfico), desde que seja indicada a publicação inicial nesta revista.
c. Os autores são autorizados e encorajados a divulgar o seu trabalho através da Internet (por exemplo, em arquivos telemáticos institucionais ou no seu website) antes e durante o processo de submissão, o que pode levar a trocas interessantes e aumentar as citações do trabalho publicado. (Ver O Efeito de Acesso Aberto).
