Tren literario, tren literal : Frederick Law Olmsted en torno al ferrocarril = Literary train, literal train : Frederick Law Olmsted on railroads

Nicolás Mariné


DOI: https://doi.org/10.20868/cn.2021.4755

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Resumen

El tren fue un símbolo muy empleado en la literatura estadounidense del XIX, sobre todo de la primera mitad. La metáfora de lo ferroviario en ocasiones expresaba una invasión: de la máquina en el jardín; de lo industrial en lo rural. En la literatura, el tren apareció como el paradigma de un mundo cambiante, ruidoso y veloz que penetraba y alteraba un mundo tranquilo y bucólico. Esto contrastaba con otra imagen coetánea, derivada de la expansión de la nación hacia el oeste, que veía el tren en su sentido literal de máquina que posibilitaba contactar con lugares de gran valor estético. Así, en una convivencia cultural de lo disociado muy común para el país en aquella época, el tren significaba simultáneamente la privación y el acceso al paisaje. Olmsted desviaría lo ferroviario de esta confrontación. Al contrario que los paisajistas que le precedieron, él aceptó plenamente la necesidad del mundo moderno. Su carrera, de hecho, se puede entender como una ambición por aminorar sus consecuencias más perniciosas. El tren penetró este discurso tanto en su forma literaria como literal. La primera, como vehículo narrativo en algunos de sus muchos libros de viajes. La segunda, como elemento a tener en cuenta en el diseño de las periferias urbanas. Aquí encontraría soluciones espaciales muy interesantes cuando combinó la línea férrea con enclaves residenciales unifamiliares. Finalmente, la suma de ambas resultó en un nuevo sentido figurado de lo ferroviario; una lectura que supone la aportación más innovadora de este trabajo. Se argumenta que, en su imaginario, Olmsted trasladó el tren de una confrontación paisajística cualitativa (paisaje industrial vs. Paisaje bucólico) a una perceptiva.

Abstract

U.S. literature, during the 19th century, sometimes employed the train as a symbol that expressed an invasion: the industrial taking over the rural. The railroad exemplified a rapidly changing world penetrating into a quiet, bucolic one. However, this contrasts with another contemporary meaning of the railroad derived from the country’s expansion to the west: the train as the machine that allowed contact with new landscapes of great aesthetic value. This resulted in the coexistence of dissociated realities very common in the country during that time: the train simultaneously symbolizing the deprivation and the connection with the American landscape. Olmsted diverted the railroad from this confrontation. Contrary to his predecessors, he recognized the benefits of the modern world. His landscape career was, in fact, an attempt to ameliorate its more harmful consequences. With this in mind, the train entered his discourse both in it’s literally and literal forms. First, as a narrative device present in most of his travel books. Second, as an element to be taking into account when designing suburbs. Here, he would find interesting spatial solutions when combining the railroad with his residential enclaves. Lastly, the sum of both gave a new figurative meaning to the train, which is, in fact, one of the more innovative contribution of this paper. From various unpublished manuscript, I contend that in Olmsted’s imaginary the railroad was displaced from a qualitative discussion of landscape to a perceptive one.


Palabras clave


Frederick Law Olmsted; arquitectura del paisaje; paisaje ferroviario; suburbio anglosajón; siglo XIX; Frederick Law Olmsted; landscape architecture; railroad landscape; suburban landscape; 19th century

Referencias


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