La Sociedad Española para el Estudio de los Pastos (SEEP) publica semestralmente la revista PASTOS. La revista Pastos fue creada en 1971 y en su formato actual incluye artículos y revisiones científicas. La Sociedad Española para el Estudio de los Pastos es una asociación científica de ámbito nacional que tiene el objetivo de fomentar el conocimiento y mejora de los pastos españoles, contemplando toda la gama de de temas que confluyen en la ciencia pastoral: tipología, ecología y funcionamiento de los sistemas pastorales; producción vegetal; bromatología; producción animal; economía, sociología y política agraria, etc.
Sociedad Española para el Estudio de los Pastos
Influencia de algunos aspectos químicos del suelo, nitrógeno y abonado nitrogenado, sobre el contenido y variaciones del mismo, en el ciclo biológico de Dactylis glomerata L.
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concretos, que es necesario saber para su conocimiento y aprovechamiento. Por lo que se realiza un estudio de las variaciones en nitrógeno de Dactylis glomerata L., en las diferentes etapas del mismo, desde el nacimiento hasta la maduración (ciclo biológico), en prados artificiales situados a distintas altitudes de los valles del Forma y del Esla de La Montaña de León. La planta en su crecimiento transporta sus reservas en nitrógeno y las que va absorbiendo desde la raíz hasta la parte foliar, más necesitada que ella, cosa completamente favorable al proceso de la fotosíntesis, pues tan pronto como el nitrógeno asciende, en comparación con otros nutrientes, las proteínas producidas en exceso permiten a las hojas de las plantas alcanzar mayor tamaño y con ello tener una mayor superficie foliar asequible a los procesos de la fotosíntesis. Con el estudio de algunos aspectos químicos del suelo pH, N total, N03,~ NH4,+ etc.) vemos la relación que existe entre éstos y su influencia en el contenido en nitrógeno y variaciones del mismo en las diferentes fases del ciclo de la planta. Con el conocimiento del contenido en nitrógeno del suelo y plantas sabemos si es el conveniente para que se realicen los procesos de la fotosíntesis y fijar los carbohidratos necesarios para que al ser transportados a las raíces realicen convenientemente el proceso energético que supone la absorción de nutrientes y agua. A partir de estos datos, y sobre bases fisiológicas, deducimos la fertilización nitrogenada necesaria para equilibrar el suelo en este elemento y su suministro a la planta para que en ésta se alcancen los niveles óptimos. Asimismo, deducimos el momento del crecimiento en que por el contenido del elemento estudiado puede ser utilizada la planta, bien como pasto, heno o ensilado, para la alimentación de los animales.
Influencia del tratamiento con álcali y vapor sobre la digestibilidad "in vitro" de la paja de trigo y heno de avena*
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mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin-top:0cm; mso-para-margin-right:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt; mso-para-margin-left:0cm; line-height:115%; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;} --> Se trataron dos muestras de forraje fibroso (paja de trigo y heno de avena) con vapor y cuatro niveles de NaOH 0, 3, 4 y 5 % para estudiar el efecto sobre la digestibilidad "m vitro" y componentes celulares. Los resultados demuestran un afecto positivo sobre la DMS debido al álcali tanto en las muestras tratadas con vapor como las no tratadas. El tratamiento de elección parece ser el del nivel 4 % con vapor ya que proporciona el incremento más alto en la digestibilidad. * La parte experimental de este trabajo se realizó en el Dpt. of Animal Scien- University California, Davis, E.E.U.U.
ACTA DE LA REUNIÓN DE JUNTA DIRECTIVA, CELEBRADA EL DÍA 27 DE ENERO DE 1978 -- ACTA DE LA ASAMBLEA GENERAL ORDINARIA DE LA S.E.E.P., CELEBRADA EL DÍA 17 DE FEBRERO DE 1978
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Potencialidad de la producción lechera en la pequeña explotación familiar gallega a través del análisis evolutivo técnico-económico de la finca «O'Castro» (Silleda)
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su división en 9 parcelas, puede ser representativa para las 56.000 explotaciones existentes en Galicia con igual estructura. Con una descripción de la situación inicial y el posterior programa de mejoras establecido se hace hincapié en la crucial necesidad, debido a la poca superficie, de hacer las mínimas inversiones fijas; estableciendo un adecuado programa de manejo basado en un sistema de partos agrupados al final del invierno, alta carga de ganado por Ha., y pastoreo rotacional; para producir al más bajo coste posible. El estudio de la evolución técnico-económica se hace a través de los resultados obtenidos en lo concerniente a: variación de los resultados de análisis de suelos; curvas de lactación anual por vaca y por rebaño; consumo de concentrados; incremento de carga, intervalo entre partos y los márgenes económicos anualmente obtenidos.
El sistema vaguada como unidad de estudio en pastizales
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mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin-top:0cm; mso-para-margin-right:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt; mso-para-margin-left:0cm; line-height:115%; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;} --> Se considera la posibilidad y conveniencia de utilizar el sistema vaguada como unidad de estudio en pastizales. Se hace un recuento y descripción de los muy diversos factores que afectan a las comunidades en ella establecidas. La posibilidad de utilizar tal unidad se transforma en necesidad ineludible cuando se pretende superar el alcance de estudios sectoriales, con resultados muy parciales sólo aplicables a una asociación en concreto; los pastizales constituyen un complicado mosaico de asociaciones no bien delimitadas. La adopción de la vaguada como unidad facilita la obtención de datos más acordes con la realidad de los sistemas, por contar con la presencia de todas o la mayor parte de las asociaciones viables en ambientes edafoclimáticos definidos, con o sin acción antropozoógena intensa
Respuesta de la pradera mixta a la aplicación de nitrógeno. Fijación de nitrógeno
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inglés, dáctilo y trébol blanco, sometido a dosis crecientes de N: 0, 40, 120 y 200 Kg./Ha. En un año de verano húmedo, con un buen contenido de trébol y sin aplicar N, se fijaron 345 Kg. N/Ha., mientras que el siguiente, con sequía veraniega, esta cifra alcanzó sólo los 130 Kg./Ha. Al aplicar 200 Kg. de N por Ha., las cifras de fijación fueron de 108 y 60 Kg./Ha. en el primer y segundo año respectivamente. Se establece una estrecha correlación entre el porcentaje de trébol presente y la actividad fijadora de N, dentro de cada época del año. La actividad fijadora es mucho mayor en primavera que en otoño, incluso para porcentajes de trébol similares, ha paralización del crecimiento vegetal, por la sequía en verano o por el frío en invierno, reduce la fijación de N a cantidades inapreciables.
El maíz forrajero: una opción en las explotaciones ganaderas
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List 1 Accent 6" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading" /> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]> <![endif]--> La superficie cultivada de maíz forrajero ha crecido espectacularmente durante los diez últimos años en los países del Norte de Europa. Dicha superficie se ha multiplicado por tres en Francia y Alemania y por más de diez en Holanda, Bélgica e Inglaterra. No se ha producido un incremento similar en Galicia y España. Datos experimentales sobre maíz forrajero muestran que pueden obtenerse fácilmente 11 a 12 Tm. de materia seca (M.S.)/Ha. en secano y 14 a 15 Tm. de M.S./Ha. en regadío en las condiciones de cultivo de los agricultores de Galicia. El potencial de producción es, sin embargo, bastante más alto. La digestibilidad del maíz se mantiene constante desde el estado lechoso del grano hasta el estado vítreo. La espiga es la parte más digestible y más energética de la planta de maíz. Datos de la literatura señalan que el silo de maíz forrajero es más eficiente en el aprovechamiento energético y menos costoso que el de hierba. El coste de producción de una unidad forrajera (U.F.) de silo de maíz en disposición de alimentar al ganado fue alrededor de 9 ptas., en un estudio realizado en 1980. El maíz es deficiente en proteínas; sin embargo, ciertos híbridos de maíz obtenidos cruzando líneas puras lisas de origen gallego por líneas americanas poseen un contenido en proteína del 10 al 11 % (2 ó 3 % superior a los híbridos americanos) Estos híbridos, son además muy productivos y obviamente permiten reducir el suplemento proteico o fuente de nitrógeno que hay que añadir al maíz ensilado para conseguir un alimento equilibrado en la producción de leche y carne. Se sugiere un modelo de explotación en donde el maíz forrajero ensilado y el pastoreo de praderas sean las bases de suministro de alimentos para el ganado.
Valor fertilizante del purín de vacuno: eficiencia del nitrógeno
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List 1 Accent 6" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading" /> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]> <![endif]--> Se presentan los resultados del primer año de 2 ensayos de fertilización con purín de vaca en: 1) Pradera; 2) Maíz. 1.—Pradera Se estudian las respuestas del pasto a 4 dosis de purín (30, 60, 120 y 240 Kg. N/Ha) y 4 dosis de nitramón (0, 40, 80 y 120 Kgs. N/Ha.). Purín y nitramón se aplicaban a finales de invierno y el pasto se cortó en 3 ocasiones: mayo, junio y octubre. El diseño experimental es bloques al azar con 8 tratamientos y 6 repeticiones. Corte de mayo (silo).—Las producciones muestran la pobre respuesta al purín a partir de un determinado nivel de aplicación (60 Kgs. N/Ha.). Así, los 60 Kgs. N-purín eran casi tan efectivos como los 240 Kgs. N y en consecuencia la eficiencia del N a la dosis baja era mucho mejor que a la dosis alta. La eficiencia del N-purín a la dosis de 120 Kgs. N/Ha. fue del 33 %. Esta eficiencia disminuye cuando se aumenta la dosis de N-purín. Las pérdidas de N-amoniacal parecen ser la causa principal de esta baja eficiencia. Corte de junio y octubre.—No se obtuvieron diferencias significativas entre producciones excepto en el corte de octubre para la dosis alta de purín. 2.—Maíz En este ensayo se estudian 3 dosis de purín (136, 272 y 408 Kgs. N/Ha.) y 4 de Nitramón (O, 60, 120 y 180 Kgs. N/Ha.) Purín y nitramón se aplican en pre-siembra y se entierran mediante una labor de fresadora. El diseño experimental es un cuadrado latino de 7 x 7. La siembra se realizó a una densidad de 100.000 planta /Ha. El maíz se cortó en octubre con el grano en estado pastoso. Las producciones obtenidas aplicando purín son sensiblemente superiores a las obtenidas con nitramón excepto para la dosis de 180 Kgs. N/Ha. que sólo es superada por los 408 Kgs./N (purín). La eficiencia para niveles de aplicación de menos de 166 Kgs. N-purín, fue superior al 100 %. Para los 272 Kgs. fue de un 66 % y sigue disminuyendo para dosis más altas. El hecho de enterrar el purín en la pre-siembra parece mejorar la eficiencia del nitrógeno al reducir las pérdidas de N-amoniacal.
Resultados del ensayo de variedades de alfalfa. Periodo 78-82
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Hasta el quinto año de cultivo se ha observado un mayor rendimiento de las flamencas frente a las nacionales; una persistencia similar en todas; una mayor sensibilidad a Vseudopeziza en las nacionales; un mayor grosor de tallo en las flamencas y una mayor resistencia al frío, en lo que a desarrollo se refiere, en las nacionales. No se han encontrado grandes diferencias en precocidad referida a la aparición de botones florales, siendo la altura media, en ese estado, superior en las flamencas. Tampoco se han encontrado grandes diferencias en la resistencia al encamado en las escasas ocasiones en que ha sucedido. Los rendimientos han ido aumentando hasta el tercer año en todas las variedades. En el cuarto año las flamencas han mantenido la producción punta mientras que en las nacionales se observa un descenso del rendimiento. Se recogen también unas normas para la implantación y el mantenimiento de la alfalfa en Galicia.
Producción de leche a bajo coste en la zona costera de la provincia de Lugo
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mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin-top:0cm; mso-para-margin-right:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt; mso-para-margin-left:0cm; line-height:115%; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;} --> Se analizan las características técnico-económicas de ocho explotaciones familiares de la zona costera Incensé. Dichas explotaciones son estabulaciones libres con ganado vacuno frisan; el ganado se maneja en pastoreo de 8 a 10 meses al año; se hacen uno o dos cortes de hierba para ensilar, y se da mucha importancia a la prevención sanitaria, con tratamientos contra parásitos en primavera y otoño. Las praderas son en su gran mayoría artificiales de corta o larga duración, teniendo un porcentaje de praderas naturales. Las fincas se hallan divididas en lotes de pastoreo mediante cercas de tensión, y se utiliza normalmente el pastor eléctrico para subdividirlas a su vez en lotes más pequeños. Disponen de salas de ordeño en paralelo de 2 a 4 puntos y la mitad de las explotaciones utilizan tanque de frío. Es de destacar el alto precio que consiguen tres ganaderos, pues la Central Lechera les paga la leche por calidad bacteriológica. El resumen de los datos técnico-económicos de 1981 de estas ocho fincas queda reflejado en el Cuadro siguiente:
Efecto del pasto reservado de otoño sobre la producción y evolución de las praderas
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Los pastoreos diferidos se realizan en cuatro épocas: 1) Finales de otoño, 2) Mitad de invierno, 3) Avanzado el invierno y 4) Principios de primavera. La pradera se compone de raigrás inglés (Lolium perenne L.), dáctilo (Dactylis glomerata L.) y trébol blanco (Trifolium repens L.). La producción neta del pasto en el período Otoño + Invierno (septiembre - marzo) disminuye a medida que el aprovechamiento de la hierba crecida en el otoño se demora, quedando la producción anual afectada en el mismo sentido. Cuanto más se retrase el aprovechamiento del pasto reservado de otoño más aumenta la presencia del dáctilo y disminuyen el raigrás inglés y trébol blanco.
Desigual reparto de las precipitaciones en Santander
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Se señalan unos microclimas en determinados lugares provinciales. Los meses de verano y fin de primavera (junio, julio y agosto) son más secos en las zonas altas que en las bajas. El reparto de la lluvia es más uniforme, tanto en invierno (marzo, abril, mayo y junio) como en verano (julio, agosto y setiembre), en la zona baja que en la alta. No hay correlación apreciable entre las cantidades de lluvia caída en verano y primavera. Hay correlación muy baja (0,23), entre la altitud y la lluvia de primavera. No hay correlación entre la altitud y la lluvia de verano. Hay correlación entre casi todas las estaciones estudiadas, señalando puntos más bajos en las zonas de microclima (Fresnedo, Valle de Cabuérniga, Monte Vendul). Solamente en primavera, la lluvia comprendida entre 34 y 39 % se encuentra entre los límites de 90 a 120 m/m. En verano, y para los mismos límites, el tanto por ciento es de 38 y 16%. Parece desprenderse claramente que, sobre todo para el cultivo forrajero de verano, y por lo tanto de preparación primaveral, se imponen las técnicas del secano fresco.
Intensificación de la producción con vacas de carne basadas en pastos
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empleo de dos terneros por vaca y salida temprana al pasto de primavera. Las producciones de pasto obtenidas bajo los sistemas de manejo señaladas hacen posible el llevar una carga ganadera anual de 2,5 vacas con sus terneros por Ha. con pesos al destete de 330 Kg. de peso vivo y sin ningún uso de concentrados. En el caso de dos terneros por vaca se obtiene una interesante respuesta a la suplementación del silo con concentrado durante el invierno. No hay respuesta, sin embargo, al concentrado suministrado a los terneros en pastoreo de otoño o primavera.
Análisis y evaluación automática de forrajes por espectroscopia (R. I.). Longitudes de onda óptimas
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Las curvas espectrales de la reflectancia de forrajes muestran claramente que se trata de curvas compuestas y características de los diversos constituyentes químicos de la hierba. Estos constituyentes químicos o factores de calidad no se determinan directamente por E.R.I., pero pueden determinarse, previa calibración, mediante ecuaciones de predicción obtenidas a partir de muestras de composición o respuestas animales conocidas. Una vez que el sistema ha sido calibrado puede determinar múltiples factores de calidad en sólo unos minutos. El estudio de la exactitud y precisión de este sistema de análisis presenta errores standard de estimación relativamente bajos (0,5 y 4 %), lo que permite su utilización. Determinadas selecciones de longitudes de onda mejoran sensiblemente los resultados.
Estudio del valor nutritivo en una pradera mixta: variaciones en digestibilidad e ingestión
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List 1 Accent 6" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading" /> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]> <![endif]--> Se estudian las variaciones de digestibilidad e ingestión, durante los períodos de crecimiento de la hierba, de una pradera mixta. El ensayo se realizó «in vivo» con carneros castrados (11 en primavera y 9 en otoño) alojados en jaulas metabólicas. La hierba se cortó diariamente, pesándose la cantidad ofrecida a cada animal, el rechazo y las heces producidas. Se tomó muestra diaria de cada una de ellas para la determinación de materia seca. Se realizaron 3 cortes en primavera, en pradera de raigrás inglés /trébol blanco y 2 cortes en otoño-invierno en pradera de raigrás inglés/dáctilo y trébol blanco con abundante presencia de espontáneas. Los valores medios obtenidos en 1981, en porcentaje de materia seca digestible, fueron 76,6, 72,5 y 69,4 para cada uno de los cortes de primavera y 75,7 y 77,8 para los 2 cortes de otoño. Durante el mismo período los valores medios para la ingestión, en gr. de materia seca ingerida por Kg. de peso metabólico, fueron 69,5, 68,3 y 78,9 para los 3 cortes de primavera y para los cortes de otoño 50,4 y 47,6. Son de destacar los niveles altos a que se mantiene la digestibilidad, la disminución de ingestión voluntaria del pasto de otoño con respecto al de primavera y la variación de la ingestión con la materia seca cuando esta última se mantiene a niveles bajos (12-15 %), y la digestibilidad es alta (superior al 70 %).
Efecto de la madurez sobre la composición mineral de especies pratenses
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mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin-top:0cm; mso-para-margin-right:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt; mso-para-margin-left:0cm; line-height:115%; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;} --> Durante dos años consecutivos se ha estudiado la variación del crecimiento, de la producción y de las concentraciones de cenizas, N, P, K, Na, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Cu y Zn a lo largo del crecimiento primario de siete especies pratenses. Las fluctuaciones sufridas por las concentraciones de los nutrientes varían mucho de una especie a otra y fueron, en general, menores para el segundo año de control. Las concentraciones de Cu y N resultaron ser las más afectadas por la madurez en todas las especies, mientras para las de Mn y Na se obtuvieron generalmente los menores coeficientes de variación.
Efecto de la suplementación con concentrado sobre la producción y calidad de leche de vacas en pastoreo, con partos agrupados a la salida del invierno
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mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin-top:0cm; mso-para-margin-right:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt; mso-para-margin-left:0cm; line-height:115%; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;} --> En el presente trabajo se muestran los resultados de los ensayos realizados durante 4 años para estudiar el efecto de la suplementación con concentrado a vacas en pastoreo. Las vacas, de raza frisona, con partos agrupados en los meses de enero a marzo, estuvieron en pastoreo rotacional desde primeros de marzo hasta agosto o septiembre (pastoreo de primavera-verano), y desde mediados o finales de octubre hasta finales de diciembre (pastoreo de otoño). En el resto del año, estuvieron en estabulación libre, alimentadas con ensilado de hierba procedente del corte en primavera, de parte de la superficie de pastoreo. En los años 1978, 1980 y 1981 se estudió el efecto de la suplementación para una sola carga ganadera (3,0; 1,9 y 1,9 vacas/Ha., respectivamente), mientras que en el año 1979 se estudió la suplementación con concentrado para dos cargas (1,7 y 2,5 vacas/Ha.). La suplementación con concentrado durante el pastoreo ocasionó un aumento en la producción total de leche por vaca y año, variando la respuesta desde 0,37 a 1,75 Kgs. por Kg. de aumento de concentrado. Las respuestas mayores (1,75 y 1,49 Kgs. de leche/Kg. de concentrado) se alcanzaron para cargas ganaderas altas (2,5 y 3,0 vacas /Ha., respectivamente). La respuesta al concentrado durante el pastoreo de otoño fue más alta que durante el pastoreo de primavera (2,16 frente a 0,98 Kg. leche/Kg. de concentrado, respectivamente); sin embargo, la producción de leche en otoño representó sólo el 5 % de la producción total, por lo que dicha suplementación en otoño parece poco eficaz a efectos económicos. La respuesta al concentrado durante el pastoreo varió notablemente de un año a otro, de acuerdo con la cantidad de pasto disponible por vaca. Al incrementarse éste en un 56 %, en el plazo de dos años, para una carga ganadera baja (1,7 ó 1,9 vacas/Ha.), la producción de leche por vaca (para el rebaño sin suplementación) se incrementó en un 38 %, disminuyendo la respuesta al concentrado de 1,39 a 0,37 Kg. de leche por Kg. de concentrado. La suplementación con concentrado ocasionó un ligero descenso en el contenido graso de la leche (de 3,5 a 3,4 % de media), pero éste se mantuvo por encima del valor mínimo de 3,2 % exigido por el Estado para poder percibir la prima por calidad.
Respuesta a seis dosis de P y de cal en el establecimiento de praderas permanentes en dos tipos de suelos gallegos a monte
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mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin-top:0cm; mso-para-margin-right:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt; mso-para-margin-left:0cm; line-height:115%; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;} --> La deficiencia en P y la acidez son dos de los componentes de la fertilidad química del suelo, que más limitan el establecimiento de praderas permanentes en terrenos gallegos a monte. En este trabajo se examina el efecto de 6 dosis de P (0, 10, 20, 40, 80 y 160 Kg. P/Ha. y 6 de cal (0; 0,75; 1,5; 3; 6 y 12 Tm. C03Ca/Ha.) sobre la producción de materia seca de una pradera mixta (raigrás inglés, raigrás italiano, trébol blanco y trébol violeta) en un suelo sobre granito (M. San Antón) y otro sobre pizarra (M. Curra); también se estudia su relación con ciertas propiedades químicas del suelo como el P extraíble con bicarbonato sódico, el pH, el Al cambiable y el porcentaje de Al cambiable en la capacidad de intercambio canónico efectiva (ClCe) del suelo. La deficiencia en P parece ser factor más limitante que la acidez. El P limita tanto el desarrollo de las especies sembradas como el de las espontáneas mientras que estas últimas se desarrollan adecuadamente en las parcelas sin cal. En ambos suelos se encuentra respuesta al P en todo el rango experimental. La producción de la pradera por unidad de fertilizante disminuye a partir de los 40 Kg. P/Ha. (92 Kg. P205/Ha.). Esta dosis sería el mínimo aconsejable para un buen establecimiento. El 90 % del rendimiento máximo se consigue con 80 Kg. P/Ha. (184 Kg. P205/Ha.) en M. San Antón y 125 (288 P205) en M. Curra, respectivamente. Con la dosis minima de 40 Kg. P/Ha. el nivel de P extraible con bicarbonato sódico es de 7,5 mg. L-1 en M. San Antón y 5 mg. L-1 en M. Curra. El 90 % del rendimiento máximo requiere 11 y 12 mg. L-1, respectivamente. La cantidad mínima de cal para un buen establecimiento de la pradera se sitúa alrededor de las 2 Tm./Ha. de CO3Ca, pudiéndose incrementar el rendimiento hasta un 20 % más en M. San Antón y en un 50 % en M. Curra con la dosis máxima estudiada. En estos suelos la toxicidad del aluminio parece ser el componente de la acidez del suelo que más limita el crecimiento de la pradera. El % cambiable en la CICe expresa mejor la respuesta a la cal que el pH, recomendándose su uso para la determinación de las necesidades de la misma. Con la dosis mínima de 2 Tm./Ha., el % Al en estos suelos se disminuye hasta un 40 %. Para rebajarlo hasta un 10 %, ambos suelos necesitan de unas 4,5 Tm./Ha. de cal.
Aplicación de la técnica de reflectancia de infrarrojos a la evaluación de pastos
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Las técnicas analíticas requieren el empleo de gran cantidad de material, reactivos, tiempo y trabajo. La búsqueda de mayores rendimientos, sea en producción de materias primas o en proceso industrial, obliga a los laboratorios de investigación y de control a un esfuerzo cada vez mayor para obtener resultados rápidos y precisos sobre un elevado número de muestras. La obtención de estos resultados es prácticamente imposible si sólo se utilizan los métodos analíticos tradicionales (1). Reconociendo estas limitaciones, el Laboratorio de Investigación Instrumental del Departamento de Agricultura de EE.UU. ( U S D A), bajo la dirección de KARL NORRIS, emprendió una investigación extensiva para establecer métodos rápidos y exactos que se pudieran utilizar en la determinación de los parámetros clásicos de calidad en alimentación (2). El motivo de que la espectrometría de IR no se haya desarrollado anteriormente para el análisis de alimentos es la complejidad de su espectro en esta zona, de modo que resultaba imposible encontrar.una longitud de onda específica para un determinado componente.
El nitrógeno en una mezcla de Ray-grass italiano y Trébol violeta
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mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin-top:0cm; mso-para-margin-right:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt; mso-para-margin-left:0cm; line-height:115%; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;} --> Se estudia el efecto de la aplicación de N en dosis de 0, 15, 30, 45 y 60 hg/ha de N en cuatro épocas del año sobre praderas de ray-grass italiano puro, ray-grass italiano asociado a trébol violeta y trébol violeta puro. El ray-grass italiano responde muy bien hasta dosis de 60 hg/ha de N por corte a la salida de invierno y primavera. La respuesta es muy escasa después de mediados de junio debido a la sequía y también escasa en otoño por la escasez de plantas de ray-grass después de la sequía. En la mezcla sólo hay respuesta positiva a la aplicación del nitrógeno en aquellos cortes en que el contenido en gramínea es suficiente, recomendándose su aplicación a la salida del invierno y la primera mitad de la primavera y también en el otoño si la presencia del raygrass es adecuada. El trébol violeta en cultivo puro no modifica su producción con la aplicación de dosis diferentes de nitrógeno, pero su contribución a la producción de la mezcla disminuye a medida que aumenta el nitrógeno aportado, como consecuencia de la competencia que el ray-grass hace al trébol en la primavera.
Aspectos del uso ganadero del monte en Galicia para la producción de carne
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Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading" /> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]> <![endif]--> Después de destacar la importancia del monte raso en Galicia y la regresión en su utilización por el ganado en comparación con la importancia que tuvo en la agricultura tradicional, se presenta información sobre dos sistemas de explotación del monte con ganado de carne basados en la información previa sobre el establecimiento de pastos y producción animal. 1) Sistemas de producción en pastos sembrados (labrado / no labrado) con vacas de carne y ovejas; el pasto labrado provee las necesidades de forraje conservado del sistema. Resultan sistemas de bajas necesidades en silo de 35-45 días al año en los tratamientos con ovejas y vacas-baja carga (1 vaca/Ha.) y otros con necesidades más altas de 108 días en silo (vacas-alta carga). Las producciones por hectárea son alrededor de 300 Kg./Ha. peso vivo al destete a partir del segundo-tercer año con 1,4 vacas /Ha. ó 15 ovejas/Ha. Se consigue un buen control del rebrote del tojo con el ganado (ovino) o en los tratamientos con vacas con dosis reducidas de herbicidas (0,8 l/Ha. p.a. 2,45-T en el total de dos aplicaciones). 2) Sistemas de aprovechamiento extensivo del monte (pasto sembrado/vegetación espontánea) con ovejas y cabras. El PASTOS. 12 (1): 1-39, 1982 1 pasto sembrado se utiliza durante los períodos productivos del parto al destete y la cubrición. La producción /Ha. de peso vivo al destete va de 80 a 130 Kg./Ha. para los tratamientos con 30 y 50 % de la superficie sembrada. Las producciones medias del pasto sembrado y la vegetación espontánea son 3,3 y 1,6 Tm./Ha. M.S., respectivamente. Las principales gramíneas son de baja calidad, excepto Agrostis tennuis/Holcus. Palabras clave: pastos de monte, tojo, vegetación espontánea, vacas de carne, ovejas, sistemas de producción. Key words: hill pastures, gorse, rough grazing, beef cows, sheep, systems of production.
XVIII Reunión Científica de la S. E. E. P. Santander, 13-16 de junio de 1978
Finca "El Travieso" -- Zona pastos de montañas -- Visita a una explotación familiar
Estudio comparativo de la producción de praderas y rotaciones de cultivo en Galicia
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mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-language:EN-US;} --> En Mabegondo y Arzúa (La Coruña) y Puebla de Brollan (Lugo) se compararon durante dos años 1980-81 y 1981-82 las producciones de diversas rotaciones de cultivo para la producción de forrajes (maíz-centeno, maíz-colza, maíz-veza-avena, maíz-raigrás italiano) con dos tipos de praderas, de corta duración F2(dáctilo, raigrás italiano, trébol violeta, trébol blanco) y larga duración F6 (raigrás inglés, trébol blanco) Los resultados medios de los años fueron los siguientes: M-Ce= maíz-centeno M-Co=maíz-colza M-Va=maíz-veza-avena M-Ra=maíz-raigrás-italiano
Sistemas de producción de carne en pastoreo Versus Cebadero
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mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin-top:0cm; mso-para-margin-right:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt; mso-para-margin-left:0cm; line-height:115%; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;} --> Se hace una breve descripción de cinco sistemas de producción de carne con base en pastos y terneros procedentes del rebaño lechero. Se justifica la preconización de estos sistemas en base al ahorro de cereales pienso. En los sistemas expuestos la cantidad de pienso consumido por animal, desde el nacimiento al sacrificio, varia de 550 a 850 Kg. y la de silo de cero a 5.000 Kg. Las canales obtenidas están comprendidas entre 185 y 250 Kg. La conclusión a la que se llega es que, para los pesos de sacrificio alcanzados por los animales en pastoreo, el ahorro de pienso, con estos sistemas, puede llegar al 51 % en el caso de que el cebadero utilice una ración de bajo contenido en pienso (35 %), o del 69 % para el caso de una ración de alto contenido en pienso (80 %).
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CARGA GANADERA, SISTEMAS DE PRODUCCIÓN y CONCENTRADOS como SUSTITUTIVO de la hierba y forrajes.
Distribución de leguminosas pratenses en relación con la altitud y el fitoclima en la cuenca del Narcea (Asturias)
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mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin-top:0cm; mso-para-margin-right:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt; mso-para-margin-left:0cm; line-height:115%; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;} --> Se estudia la influencia de la altitud y el fitoclima en la distribución de especies de leguminosas pratenses en la cuenca del Narcea (Asturias). Se aplican métodos de elaboración y ordenación de perfiles ecológicos siguiendo las técnicas propuestas por el C.E.P.E. de Montpellier (Francia). Gran parte de las especies muestran preferencias por distintas altitudes. El número de especies disminuye con la altitud y siguiendo este criterio se han establecido tres zonas altitudinales en la cuenca. Cabe destacar que algunas de las especies más frecuentes, Vicia hirsuta, Vicia sativa y Trifolium campestre, muestran una preferencia clara por altitudes inferiores a 1.000 m. El resto de las especies con mayor número de presencias, Trifolium pratense, Trifolium repens, Trifolium dubium, Lotus corniculatus y Lotus uliginosus, muestran un intervalo de variación total respecto a los dos factores, si bien todas ellas tienen menor frecuencia en altitudes grandes Siguiendo las técnicas de ALLUE se han definido dos subregiones fitoclimáticas mediterráneas IV (V) y IV (VI). Con respecto a este factor destaca Trifolium patens, que se encuentra en gran número de prados bajos y de clima atlántico V (VI) y de Hippocrepis comosa, que se encuentra preferentemente en prados mediterranófilos.