THE ECOLOGY AND USE OF SUBTERRANEAN CLOVER (TRIFOLIUM SUBTERRANEUM h.) AS A PASTURE LEGUME. AN AUSTRALASIAN PERSPECTIVE

Resumen

Australian and New Zealand research investigating the ecology and use of the annual pasture legume subterranean clover (Trifolium subte rraneum L.) is reviewed. The species and its distribution is described, together with the soil conditions, acidity and fertility to which it is adapted. Vegetative responses to light and temperature are briefly considered. Environmental control of reproduction is described in relation to vernalisation; seed dormancy; hardseed development and decline; and burr burial. The history and manner of use of subterranean clover in agriculture is detailed. The importance of seed production for agricultural success is discussed, and the effect of grazing on seed production is considered. Problems associated with hardseededness are listed together with possible solutions. The usefulness of hard seed carryover is debated. Symptoms associated with the occurrence of oestrogenic substances in this species are detailed. The methodology of choice of a variety for a given locality is illustrated. Management is described to ensure good initial establishment, and to assist recurring autumn re-establishment. Use of the species as a puré sward or in mixture with grass is debated. Herbage productivity obtained in various localities is catalogued, and quality for animal performance is discussed. Pests and diseases are catalogued, together with an assessment of relative importance. Future directions for research are suggested