La importancia de la mapificación de los ecosistemas y sus servicios para la planificación urbana = The importance of mapping ecosystems and ecosystem services in urban planning
DOI: https://doi.org/10.20868/ciur.2022.145.5030
Texto completo:
PDFResumen
Resumen
La investigación tiene como propósito analizar si planeamiento tiene la capacidad de protección y preservación del suelo para disminuir el riesgo generado por los impulsores directos del cambio detectados por la Evaluación de Ecosistemas del Milenio y valorar adecuadamente los bienes-servicio facilitados por los ecosistemas para mejorar la resiliencia del territorio frente a la crisis ambiental actual. Dependemos de ecosistemas saludables y resilientes para continuar brindando servicios, como alimentos, agua o aire limpio esenciales para nuestro bienestar. Por ello, contar con una descripción general sobre la situación actual de los ecosistemas y las presiones humanas a las que están expuestos es muy importante. En este marco se hace imprescindible la adecuada valoración de los ecosistemas, sus aportes, riesgos y poder territorializar estas cuestiones. Por ello es fundamental la cartografía, no solo del planeamiento sino también de todos aquellos elementos que de algún modo pueden proporcionar información al planificador para razonar la protección y preservación del suelo de cara a aumentar la resiliencia de ese territorio. Se analiza la evolución de la caracterización del territorio en base a las diferentes coberturas que cinco proyectos cartográficos europeos como son Biotopos CORINE, CORINE Land Cover, EUNIS, MAES y SIOSE desde el punto de vista ecosistémico.
Abstract
The research aims to analyse whether planning has the capacity for soil protection and preservation to reduce the risk generated by the direct drivers of change identified by the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment and to value the ecosystem service goods provided by ecosystems to improve the resilience of the territory in the face of the current environmental crisis. We depend on healthy and resilient ecosystems to continue to provide services such as food, water or clean air that are essential for our well-being. Therefore, an overview of the current state of ecosystems and the human pressures to which they are exposed is especially important. Within this framework, it is essential to properly assess ecosystems, their contributions, risks and to be able to territorialise these issues. For this reason, mapping is fundamental, not only for planning but also for all those elements that in some way can provide information to the planner to reason the protection and preservation of the land with a view to increasing the resilience of that territory. The evolution of the characterisation of the territory is analysed based on the different coverages that five European mapping projects such as CORINE Biotopes, CORINE Land Cover, EUNIS, MAES and SIOSE from an ecosystemic point of view.
Palabras clave
Referencias
Alvarado, J. M. G., González, M. E. P., & Rodríguez, M. P. G. (2020). Soil sealing, fragmentation and ecological connectivity in the conurbation of Madrid (Spain). Boletín de La Asociacion de Geografos Espanoles, 85. https://doi.org/10.21138/bage.2884
Blondel, J. (1995). Biogéographie. Approche Écologique et Évolutive (Vol. 27, p. 297).
Bossard, M., Feranec, J., & Otahel, J. (2000). CORINE land cover technical guide – Addendum 2000 Part I State-of-play production methods of the CORINE land cover database.
Burkhard, B., & Maes, J. (2017). Mapping Ecosystem Services. In B. Burkhard & J. Maes (Eds.), Mapping Ecosystem Services. Pensoft Publishers. https://doi.org/10.3897/ab.e12837
Büttner, G., Feranec, J., & Jaffrain, G. (2002). CORINE land cover update 2000. In Technical guidelines. http://www.fomento.es/nr/rdonlyres/de88aec2-d5fa-4e95-9694-939a326cd026/3128/021219techrep89.pdf
Büttner, G., Kostztra, B., Soukup, T., Sousa, A., & Langanke, T. (2017). CLC2018 Technical Guidelines. European Environment Agency, 3436, 60. https://land.copernicus.eu/user-corner/technical-library/clc2018technicalguidelines_final.pdf
Büttner, G., Kosztra, B., Maucha, G., Pataki, R., Kleeschulte, S., Hazeu, G., Vittek, M., Schröder, C., & Littkopf, A. (2021). CORINE Land Cover, User Manual. https://land.copernicus.eu/ [Accessed 07-June-2021]
Büttner, G., Soukup, T., & Kosztra, B. (2014). CLC2012. Addendum to CLC2006 Technical Guidelines. European Environment Agency, 2(August), 1–35. http://land.copernicus.eu/user-corner/technical-library/Addendum_finaldraft_v2_August_2014.pdf
Cadotte, M. W., Dinnage, R., & Tilman, D. (2012). Phylogenetic diversity promotes ecosystem stability. Ecology, 93(8 SPEC. ISSUE). https://doi.org/10.1890/11-0426.1
Calow, P. (1999). Blackwell’s concise encyclopedia of ecology. In Blackwell Sciences (Ed.), Ecology. http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=pOmSiioetSAC&oi=fnd&pg=PR5&dq=Blackwell?s+Concise+Encyclopedia+of+Ecology&ots=sc9rckUEba&sig=TLs5vbhUrK7AkMxCR3G5ZSilM0U
Chytrý, M., Tichý, L., Hennekens, S. M., Knollová, I., Janssen, J. A. M., Rodwell, J. S., Peterka, T., Marcenò, C., Landucci, F., Danihelka, J., Hájek, M., Dengler, J., Novák, P., Zukal, D., Jiménez-Alfaro, B., Mucina, L., Abdulhak, S., Aćić, S., Agrillo, E., … Schaminée, J. H. J. (2020). EUNIS Habitat Classification: Expert system, characteristic species combinations and distribution maps of European habitats. Applied Vegetation Science, 23(4), 648–675. https://doi.org/10.1111/avsc.12519
Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático - UNFCCC. (2016). Acuerdo de Paris. UNFCCC, FCCC/CP/20, 40. http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2015/cop21/spa/l09s.pdf
Convention on Biological Diversity. (2014). Why is Taxonomy Important? http://www.cbd.int/gti/importance.shtml
Córdoba Hernández, R. (2021). Estructura territorial resiliente: análisis y formalización a través del planeamiento urbanístico [Universidad Politécnica de Madrid]. https://doi.org/10.20868/UPM.thesis.69364
Costanza, R., de Groot, R., Sutton, P., van der Ploeg, S., Anderson, S. J., Kubiszewski, I., Farber, S., & Turner, R. K. (2014). Changes in the global value of ecosystem services. Global Environmental Change, 26(1), 152–158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2014.04.002
Davies, C. E., & Moss, D. (1997). EUNIS Habitat Classification. Final Draft. EEA.
Davies, C. E., Moss, D., & Hill, M. O. (2004). EUNIS Habitat Classification Revised 2004. Technology, October, 310. https://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/data/eunis-habitat-classification
de Groot, R., Brander, L., van der Ploeg, S., Costanza, R., Bernard, F., Braat, L., Christie, M., Crossman, N., Ghermandi, A., Hein, L., Hussain, S., Kumar, P., McVittie, A., Portela, R., Rodriguez, L. C., ten Brink, P., & van Beukering, P. (2012). Global estimates of the value of ecosystems and their services in monetary units. Ecosystem Services, 1(1), 50–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2012.07.005
Deliège, G., & Neuteleers, S. (2014). Ecosystem services as an argument for biodiversity preservation: Why its strength is its Problem - Reply to Cimon-Morin et al. In Biological Conservation (Vol. 172, p. 218). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2014.02.008
Devillers, P, Devillers-Terschuren, J., & Ledant, J. P. (1991). CORINE Biotopes - The design, compilation and use of an inventory of sites of major importance for nature conservation in the European Community. In H. Mounsey & R. Tomlinson (Eds.), Building databases for global,science (Vol. 1). European Community.
Devillers, Pierre, & Devillers-Terschuren, J. (1996). A Classification of Palaeartic Habitats. Council of Europe Publishing.
Dirección General de Medio Natural y Política Forestal. (2009). Bases ecológicas preliminares para la conservación de los tipos de habitat de interes comunitario en España. In 32 Aguas continentales corrientes. Ecosistemas lóticos.
Equipo Técnico Nacional SIOSE. (2015). Documento Técnico SIOSE 2011. https://www.siose.es/SIOSEtheme-theme/documentos/pdf/Doc_tec_SIOSE2011_v1.1.pdf
Erhard, M., Teller, A., Maes, J., Meiner, A., Berry, P., Smith, A., Eales, R., Papadopoulou, L., Bastrup-Birk, A., Ivits, E., Gelabert, E. R., Dige, G., Petersen, J.-E., Reker, J., Cugny-Seguin, M., Kristensen, P., Uhel, R., Estreguil, C., Fritz, M., … Christiansen, T. (2016). Mapping and Assessment of Ecosystems and their Services. Mapping and assessing the condition of Europe’s ecosystems: Progress and challenges. https://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/knowledge/ecosystem_assessment/pdf/3rdMAESReport_Condition.pdf
European Commission. (1991). Scientific methodology. In CORINE biotopes manual (p. 232). Commission of the European Communities. https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/COR0-biotopes/file
European Commission. (2000). Directiva 2000/60 de 23 de octubre de 2000 por la que se establece un marco comunitario en el ámbito dela política de aguas. Diario Oficial de Las Comunidades Europeas, L 327, de 22 de diciembr, 1–73. https://www.boe.es/doue/2000/327/L00001-00073.pdf
European Commission. (2008a). Directiva 2008/50/CE del Parlamento Europeo y del Consejo relativa a la calidad del aire ambiente y a una atmósfera más limpia en Europa. Diario Oficial de La Unión Europea, L 152, de 11 de junio, 1–44. https://www.boe.es/doue/2008/152/L00001-00044.pdf
European Commission. (2008b). Directiva 2008/56/CE del Parlamento Europeo y del Consejo, de 17 de junio de 2008 , por la que se establece un marco de acción comunitaria para la política del medio marino. Diario Oficial de La Unión Europea, 164, de 25 de junio, 19–40. https://www.boe.es/doue/2008/164/L00019-00040.pdf
European Commission. (2010). Directiva 2009/147/CE del Parlamento Europeo y del Consejo de 30 de noviembre de 2009, relativa a la conservación de aves silvestres. Diario Oficial de La Unión Europea, L 20, de 26 de enero, 7–25. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/ES/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32009L0147&from=ES%0Ahttps://www.boe.es/doue/2010/020/L00007-00025.pdf
European Commission. (2011a). Our life insurance, our natural capital: an EU biodiversity strategy to 2020. European Commission, COM(2011), 1–17. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=COM:2011:0244:FIN:EN:pdf
European Commission. (2011b). The EU Biodiversity Strategy to 2020. https://doi.org/10.2779/39229
European Commission. (2018). Una Europa que protege: Aire puro para todos. European Commission. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/ES/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:52018DC0330&from=FR
European Commission. (2019). The European Green Deal. In European Commission. https://ec.europa.eu/info/strategy/priorities-2019-2024/european-green-deal_en
European Communities. (1986). CORINE. Register of Sites of importance for nature conservation in Europe. Specifications for data content and format of the standard site record. c:%5CTesis%5CBibliografía%5CPDF%5C1088156621.pdf
European Communities. (1992). Directiva 92/43/CEE del Consejo, de 21 de mayo de 1992, relativa a la conservación de los hábitats naturales y de la fauna y flora silvestres. Diario Oficial de Las Comunidades Europeas, 206, de 22 de julio, 7–50. https://www.boe.es/doue/1992/206/L00007-00050.pdf
European Environment Agency. (1996). CORINE land cover - Part I Methology and Part II Normenclature. https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/COR0-part2
European Environment Agency. (2007). CLC2006 technical guidelines. In EEA Technical Report (Office for, Issue 17). https://doi.org/10.2800/12134
European Environment Agency. (2014). Spatial analysis of green infrastructure in Europe. In EEA Technical Report (Issue 2). http://www.eea.europa.eu/highlights/new-mapping-method-for-2018green%0Ahttp://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/spatial-analysis-of-green-infrastructure
European Environment Agency. (2015). European Ecosystem Assessment - Concept, Data and Implementation. In EEA Technical report (Issue 6). https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/european-ecosystem-assessment
European Environment Agency. (2020). The European environment - state and outlook 2020. Knowledge for transition to a sustainable Europe. In European Environment. https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/soer-2020
European Environment Agency. (2021). EEA Glossary. EEA. https://www.eea.europa.eu/help/glossary/eea-glossary/biodegradable
European Parliament and European Council. (2013). Decisión 1386/2013/UE del Parlamento Europeo y del Consejo, de 20 de noviembre de 2013, relativa al Programa General de Acción de la Unión en materia de Medio Ambiente hasta 2020 «Vivir bien, respetando los límites de nuestro planeta» [DOUE L 354, 28-X. Official Journal of the European Union, 56(L 354/171, de 28 de diciembre), 171–200. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=OJ:L:2013:354:TOC
Fairhead, J., Leach, M., & Scoones, I. (2012). Green Grabbing: A new appropriation of nature? Journal of Peasant Studies, 39(2), 237–261. https://doi.org/10.1080/03066150.2012.671770
Feranec, J., Hazeu, G., Jaffrain, G., & Cebecauer, T. (2007). Cartographic aspects of land cover change detection (over- and underestimation in the I&CORINE Land Cover 2000 Project). Cartographic Journal, 44(1), 44–54. https://doi.org/10.1179/000870407X173869
Grupo Técnico de Trabajo de Geología. (2018). Guía de transformación de conjuntos de datos espaciales de Geología al marco INSPIRE. 94. https://www.idee.es/resources/documentos/Guia_transformacion_CODIIGE-CT.pdf
Grupo Técnico de Trabajo de Ocupación del Suelo, & Instituto Geográfico Nacional. (2018). Metodología de actualización SIOSE. https://www.siose.es/SIOSEtheme-theme/documentos/pdf/Metod_Actualizacion_SIOSE_v3.pdf
Heymann, Y., Steenmans, C., Croisille, G., Bossard, M., Lenco, M., Wyatt, B., Weber, J.-L., O’Brian, C., Cornaert, M.-H., & Sifakis, N. (1994). CORINE land cover. Technical guide. In Environment, nuclear safety and civil protection series. European Commission, Directorate-General, Environment, Nuclear Safety and Civil Protection.
Hooper, D. U., Adair, E. C., Cardinale, B. J., Byrnes, J. E. K., Hungate, B. A., Matulich, K. L., Gonzalez, A., Duffy, J. E., Gamfeldt, L., & Connor, M. I. (2012). A global synthesis reveals biodiversity loss as a major driver of ecosystem change. Nature, 486(7401), 105–108. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11118
Huguet del Villar, E. (1929). Geobotánica (Biblioteca). Editorial Labor, S.A.
IGN. (2011). Documento Técnico SIOSE 2005. 14. https://www.siose.es/SIOSEtheme-theme/documentos/pdf/Doc_tec_SIOSE2005_v3.pdf
Imbert Rodríguez, J., Castillo Martínez, F., Traver, C., Puertas, F., & Blanco, J. (2003). Gestión forestal sostenible de masas de pino silvestre en el Pirineo Navarro. Gestión Forestal Sostenible de Masas de Pino Silvestre En El Pirineo Navarro, 12(3), 4. https://doi.org/10.7818/re.2014.12-3.00
Instituto Geográfico Nacional. (2015). Documento técnico SIOSE 2009. 14. https://www.siose.es/SIOSEtheme-theme/documentos/pdf/Doc_tec_SIOSE2009_v2.1.pdf
Instituto Geográfico Nacional. (2018). Documento técnico SIOSE 2014. https://www.siose.es/SIOSEtheme-theme/documentos/pdf/Doc_tec_SIOSE2014_v1.pdf
IPCC. (2014a). Climate change 2014 impacts, adaptation and vulnerability: Part A: Global and sectoral aspects: Working group II contribution to the fifth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change. In Climate Change 2014 Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability: Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects (Intergover). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107415379
IPCC. (2014b). Climate change 2014 impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability Part B: Regional aspects: Working group ii contribution to the fifth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change. In Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability: Part B: Regional Aspects: Working Group II Contribution to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (Intergover). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107415386
Isbell, F., Cowles, J., Dee, L. E., Loreau, M., Reich, P. B., Gonzalez, A., Hector, A., & Schmid, B. (2018). Quantifying effects of biodiversity on ecosystem functioning across times and places. Ecology Letters, 21(6), 763–778. https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.12928
Jax, K., Barton, D. N., Chan, K. M. A., de Groot, R., Doyle, U., Eser, U., Görg, C., Gómez-Baggethun, E., Griewald, Y., Haber, W., Haines-Young, R., Heink, U., Jahn, T., Joosten, H., Kerschbaumer, L., Korn, H., Luck, G. W., Matzdorf, B., Muraca, B., … Wichmann, S. (2013). Ecosystem services and ethics. Ecological Economics, 93, 260–268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2013.06.008
Jefatura del Estado. (2007). Ley 42/2007, de 13 de diciembre, del Patrimonio Natural y de la Biodiversidad. Boletín Oficial Del Estado, 227, de 22 de septiembre, 126–144.
Jefatura del Estado. (2015). Ley 33/2015, de 21 de septiembre, por la que se modifica la Ley 42/2007, de 13 de diciembre, del Patrimonio Natural y de la Biodiversidad. Boletín Oficial Del Estado, 227, de 22 de septiembre, 83588–83632.
Jefatura del Estado. (2021a). Ley 7/2021, de 20 de mayo, de cambio climático y transición energética. Boletín Oficial Del Estado, 121, de 21 de mayo, 62009 a 62052.
Jefatura del Estado. (2021b). Orden PCM/735/2021, de 9 de julio, por la que se aprueba la Estrategia Nacional de Infraestructura Verde y de la Conectividad y Restauración Ecológicas. Boletín Oficial Del Estado, 166, de 13 de julio, 83217–83470. https://www.boe.es/eli/es/o/2021/07/09/pcm735
Jefatura del Estado. (2021c). Orden PCM/735/2021, de 9 de julio, por la que se aprueba la Estrategia Nacional de Infraestructura Verde y de la Conectividad y Restauración Ecológicas. Boletín Oficial Del Estado, 166, de 13, 83217 a 83470. https://www.boe.es/eli/es/o/2021/07/09/pcm735
JNCC. (2021). Marine Habitat Classification for Britain and Ireland. https://mhc.jncc.gov.uk/
Kim, K. C., & Byrne, L. B. (2006). Biodiversity loss and the taxonomic bottleneck: Emerging biodiversity science. In Ecological Research (Vol. 21, Issue 6, pp. 794–810). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11284-006-0035-7
Kosztra, B., Büttner, G., Hazeu, G., & Arnold, S. (2017). Updated CLC illustrated nomenclature guidelines. European Environment Agency, 3436, 1–124. https://land.copernicus.eu/user-corner/technical-library/corine-land-cover-nomenclature-guidelines/docs/pdf/CLC2018_Nomenclature_illustrated_guide_20190510.pdf
Krebs, A. (1997). Discourse ethics and nature. Environmental Values, 6(3), 269–279. https://doi.org/10.3197/096327197776679095
Maes, J. (2012). Mapping and Assessment of Ecosystems and their Services in support of the EU Biodiversity Strategy EU Biodiversity Strategy to 2020. April, 24–27. https://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/knowledge/ecosystem_assessment/pdf/2ndMAESWorkingPaper.pdf
Maes, J., Teller, A., Erhard, M., Grizzetti, B., Barredo, J. I., Paracchini, M. L., Condé, S., Somma, F., Orgiazzi, A., Jones, A., Zulian, G., Petersen, J.-E., Marquardt, D., Kovacevic, V., Malak, D. A., Marin, A. I., Czúcz, B., Mauri, A., Loffler, P., … Werner, B. (2018). Mapping and Assessment of Ecosystems and their Services. An analytical framework for mapping and assessment of ecosystem condition in EU. https://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/knowledge/ecosystem_assessment/pdf/5th MAES report.pdf
Maes, J., Teller, A., Erhard, M., Liquete, C., Braat, L., Berry, P., Egoh, B., Puydarrieux, P., Fiorina, C., Santos-Martín, F., Paracchini, M. L., Keune, H., Wittmer, H., Hauck, J., Fiala, I., Verburg, P. H., Condé, S., Schägner, J. P., Miguel, J. S., … Bidoglio, G. (2013). Mapping and Assessment of Ecosystems and their Services. An analytical framework for ecosystem assessments under Action 5 of the EU Biodiversity Strategy to 2020. https://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/knowledge/ecosystem_assessment/pdf/MAESWorkingPaper2013.pdf
Maes, J., Teller, A., Erhard, M., Murphy, P., Paracchini, M. L., Barredo, J. I., Grizzetti, B., Cardoso, A., Somma, F., Petersen, J.-E., Meiner, A., Gelabert, E. R., Zal, N., Kristensen, P., Bastrup-Birk, A., Biala, K., Romao, C., Piroddi, C., Egoh, B., … Lavalle, C. (2014). Mapping and Assessment of Ecosystems and their Services. Indicators for ecosystem assessments under Action 5 of the EU Biodiversity Strategy to 2020. https://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/knowledge/ecosystem_assessment/pdf/2ndMAESWorkingPaper.pdf
Maes, J., Zulian, G., Thijssen, M., Castell, C., Baró, F., Margarida Ferreira, A., Melo, J., Garrett, C. P., David, N., Alzetta, C., Geneletti, D., Cortinovis, C., Zwierzchowska, I., Alves, F. L., Cruz, C. S., Blasi, C., Ortí, M. M. A., Attorre, F., Azzella, M. M., … Teller, A. (2016). Mapping and Assessment of Ecosystems and their Services Urban ecosystems. http://ec.europa.eu
Maucha, G., TaracsákK, G., & Büttner, G. (2004). Methodological questions of CORINE land cover change mapping. Agency, 302–313. https://doi.org/10.1142/9789812702630_0034
McCauley, D. J. (2006). Selling out on nature. In Nature (Vol. 443, Issue 7107, pp. 27–28). https://doi.org/10.1038/443027a
McGranahan, G., Balk, D., & Anderson, B. (2007). The rising tide: Assessing the risks of climate change and human settlements in low elevation coastal zones. Environment and Urbanization, 19(1), 17–37. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956247807076960
Mcnaughton, S. J. (1978). Stability and diversity of ecological communities. In Nature (Vol. 274, Issue 5668, pp. 251–253). https://doi.org/10.1038/274251a0
Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. (2003). Ecosystems and human well-being: a framework for assessment (World Reso). Island Press. http://pdf.wri.org/ecosystems_human_wellbeing.pdf
Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. (2005). Evaluación de los Ecosistemas del Milenio. Panorama general. World Resource Institute. Washington DC. http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&btnG=Search&q=intitle:Evaluaci?n+de+los+Ecosistemas+del+Milenio+Informe+de+S?ntesis#4
Moss, D. (2008). EUNIS habitat classification – a guide for users. European Topic Center on Biological Diversity, July, 1–27. http://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and- maps/data/eunis-habitat-classification/documentation/eunis-habitat-classification-users-guide-v2.pdf
Mougi, A., & Kondoh, M. (2012). Diversity of interaction types and ecological community stability. Science, 337(6092), 349–351. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1220529
Mucina, L., Bültmann, H., Dierßen, K., Theurillat, J. P., Raus, T., Čarni, A., Šumberová, K., Willner, W., Dengler, J., García, R. G., Chytrý, M., Hájek, M., Di Pietro, R., Iakushenko, D., Pallas, J., Bergmeier, E., Santos Guerra, A., Ermakov, N., Valachovič, M., … Tichý, L. (2016). Vegetation of Europe: hierarchical floristic classification system of vascular plant, bryophyte, lichen, and algal communities. Applied Vegetation Science, 19, 3–264. https://doi.org/10.1111/avsc.12257
Newbold, T., Hudson, L. N., Hill, S. L. L., Contu, S., Lysenko, I., Senior, R. A., Börger, L., Bennett, D. J., Choimes, A., Collen, B., Day, J., De Palma, A., Díaz, S., Echeverria-Londoño, S., Edgar, M. J., Feldman, A., Garon, M., Harrison, M. L. K., Alhusseini, T., … Purvis, A. (2015). Global effects of land use on local terrestrial biodiversity. Nature, 520(7545), 45–50. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature14324
Nogueira, L. C., López-Fanjul, C., & Ibáñez, M. Á. T. (2021). Darwinismo: aplicaciones y devociones. Revista de Libros, 18. https://www.revistadelibros.com/articulos/darwinismo-genetica-medicina-biodiversidad-y-religion#comentarios Nørgaard, E., Odum, E. P., &
Norgaard, E. (1959). Fundamentals of Ecology. Oikos, 10(2), 290. https://doi.org/10.2307/3565152
Palmer, M. A., & Febria, C. M. (2012). Ecology: The heartbeat of ecosystems. In Science (Vol. 336, Issue 6087, pp. 1393–1394). American Association for the Advancement of Science. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1223250
Reyers, B., Polasky, S., Tallis, H., Mooney, H. A., & Larigauderie, A. (2012). Finding common ground for biodiversity and ecosystem services. BioScience, 62(5), 503–507. https://doi.org/10.1525/bio.2012.62.5.12
Sagoff, M. (2002). On the value of natural ecosystems: The Catskills parable. Politics and the Life Sciences, 21(1), 19–25. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0730938400005724
Sánchez Mora, M. del C., & Gutiérrez, R. R. (2018). El origen de las especies. In ¿Cómo ves? (pp. 117–136). https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv1xxttb.10
Schröter, M., van der Zanden, E. H., van Oudenhoven, A. P. E., Remme, R. P., Serna-Chavez, H. M., de Groot, R., & Opdam, P. (2014). Ecosystem Services as a Contested Concept: A Synthesis of Critique and Counter-Arguments. In Conservation Letters (Vol. 7, Issue 6, pp. 514–523). https://doi.org/10.1111/conl.12091
Stuart, S. N., Wilson, E. O., McNeely, J. A., Mittermeier, R. A., & Rodríguez, J. P. (2010). The barometer of life. In Science (Vol. 328, Issue 5975, p. 177). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1188606
Teixeira da Silva, R., Fleskens, L., van Delden, H., & van der Ploeg, M. (2018). Incorporating soil ecosystem services into urban planning: status, challenges and opportunities. Landscape Ecology, 33(7), 1087–1102. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-018-0652-x
Tilman, D., & Downing, J. A. (1994). Biodiversity and stability in grasslands. Nature, 367(6461), 363–365. https://doi.org/10.1038/367363a0
Turner, R. K., Morse-Jones, S., & Fisher, B. (2010). Ecosystem valuation: A sequential decision support system and quality assessment issues. In Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences (Vol. 1185, pp. 79–101). Blackwell Publishing Inc. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05280.x
United Nations. (1992). Convenio sobre la Diversidad Biológica. In United Nations. www.unccd.int
United Nations. (2017). System of Environmental-Economic Accounting 2012. In System of Environmental-Economic Accounting 2012. United Nations. https://doi.org/10.5089/9789211615630.069
Valencia, E., de Bello, F., Galland, T., Adler, P. B., Lepš, J., E-Vojtkó, A., van Klink, R., Carmona, C. P., Danihelka, J., Dengler, J., Eldridge, D. J., Estiarte, M., García-González, R., Garnier, E., Gómez‐García, D., Harrison, S. P., Herben, T., Ibáñez, R., Jentsch, A., … Götzenberger, L. (2020). Synchrony matters more than species richness in plant community stability at a global scale. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 117(39), 24345–24351. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1920405117
Verhagen, W., Verburg, P. H., Schulp, N., & Störck, J. (2015). Mapping ecosystem services. In Ecosystem Services: From Concept to Practice (pp. 65–86). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107477612.006
Vihervaara, P., Kumpula, T., Ruokolainen, A., Tanskanen, A., & Burkhard, B. (2012). The use of detailed biotope data for linking biodiversity with ecosystem services in Finland. International Journal of Biodiversity Science, Ecosystem Services and Management, 8(1–2), 169–185. https://doi.org/10.1080/21513732.2012.686120
Enlaces refback
- No hay ningún enlace refback.
Este obra está bajo una licencia de Creative Commons Reconocimiento-NoComercial-SinObraDerivada 4.0 Internacional.
Editado en Madrid por Departamento de Urbanística y Ordenación del Territorio (ETSAM), UPM.