Algoritmos de Random Forest como alerta temprana para la predicción de insolvencias en empresas constructoras = Random Forest algorithms as early warning tools for the prediction of insolvencies in construction companies

José Ignacio Sordo Sierpe, Mercedes Del Rio Merino, Alvaro Pérez Raposo, Veronica Vitiello


DOI: https://doi.org/10.20868/ade.2021.4766

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Resumen


La preocupación de la Unión Europea por evitar que las empresas lleguen a un procedimiento de insolvencia motivó la promulgación de la Directiva (UE) 2019/1023 del Parlamento Europeo y del Consejo, y su transposición obligatoria a las regulaciones de los Estados miembros antes del 17 de julio de 2021. Esta Directiva establece que los deudores deben tener acceso a herramientas de alerta temprana para detectar situaciones de insolvencia inminente. Esta investigación tiene como objetivo contribuir al desarrollo de este tipo de herramientas de alerta temprana para un sector muy específico: la construcción residencial y no residencial. La metodología se ha dividido en dos fases, cada una con su propio objetivo específico: (1) seleccionar las variables predictoras que mejor puedan explicar el modelo (para ello se han utilizado técnicas estadísticas tradicionales); y (2) seleccionar los algoritmos que proporcionen la mayor precisión para el modelo de herramienta de alerta temprana entre cinco algoritmos Random Forest. El objetivo principal de esto es obtener señales de alerta con la suficiente antelación para poder detectar situaciones de insolvencia. El objetivo fundamental es lograr un modelo sin utilizar las cuentas de pérdidas y ganancias de las constructoras investigadas. Esto es así para evitar la falta de objetividad que pueden tener los ingresos y, por tanto, los resultados contables en este sector. Se obtuvieron porcentajes de precisión superiores al 85% tres años antes de que ocurriera la insolvencia utilizando únicamente ratios de balance. El principal valor es poder aplicar la herramienta de alerta temprana de forma sencilla, utilizando pequeñas cantidades de datos, especialmente para el deudor, que puede reaccionar con la suficiente antelación para evitar una situación financiera potencialmente irreversible.

Abstract

The European Union's concern with preventing companies from reaching insolvency proceedings motivated the enactment of Directive (EU) 2019/1023 of the European Parliament and of the Council, and its mandatory transposition into Member States' regulations by July 17, 2021. This Directive states that debtors must have access to early warning tools to detect situations of imminent insolvency. This research aims to contribute to the development of such early warning tools for a very specific sector: residential and non-residential construction. The methodology has been divided into two phases, each with its own specific objective: (1) to select the predictor variables that can best explain the model (traditional statistical techniques have been used for this purpose); and (2) to select the algorithms that provide the greatest precision for the early warning tool model from among five Random Forest algorithms. The main objective of this is to obtain warning signs sufficiently enough in advance that insolvency situations can be detected. The fundamental aim is to achieve a model without using the profit and loss accounts from the construction companies under investigation. This is so to avoid the lack of objectivity that income, and therefore accounting results, may have in this sector. Accuracy percentages of over 85% were obtained three years before insolvency occurred using only balance sheet ratios. The main value is to be able to apply the early warning tool in a simple way, using little amounts of data, especially for the debtor, who can react early enough to avoid a potentially irreversible financial situation.


Palabras clave


Advertencia temprana; Random Forest; construcción; Early warning; Random Forest; construction.

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